1. Picornaviruses

2. Picornaviruses (Enterovirus & Rhinovirus Groups):
Represent a very large virus family with respect to the number of members
One of the smallest in terms of virion size and genetic complexity.
Include two major groups of human pathogens:
1- Enteroviruses : transient inhabitants of the human alimentary tract and may be isolated from the throat or lower intestine.
2- Rhinoviruses : isolated chiefly from the nose and throat.
Enteroviruses are stable at acid pH (3.0–5.0) for 1–3 hours, whereas rhinoviruses are acid-labile.
Many enteroviruses (polioviruses, echoviruses, some coxsackieviruses) can be grown at 37°C in human and monkey cells. Most rhinovirus strains can be recovered only in human cells at 33°C.

3. However, subclinical infection is far more common than clinically manifest disease.
Diseases which are caused by many picornaviruses : severe paralysis,aseptic meningitis, pleurodynia, myocarditis, vesicular and exanthematous skin lesions, mucocutaneous lesions, respiratory illnesses, undifferentiated febrile illness, conjunctivitis, and severe generalized disease of infants.
The most serious disease caused by any enterovirus is poliomyelitis.

4. Members of the Picornaviridae Cause Many
Serious Diseases of Man and Animals
In geneneral : 9 genera
Genus Enterovirus (human)
- Poliovirus, 3 major types cause paralysis
- Coxsackievirus(A, B): pathogenic for newborn mice
- Echoviruse
Genus Rhinovirus (human)
- cause respiratory tract infections, acid labile, cause
colds in humans (,,, types).
Genus Hepatovirus (human)
- Hepatitis A, contagious liver infections.
Genus Cardiovirus
- Cause encephalomyocarditis in mouse
acid labile, source is a rodent reservoir.
Genus Apthovirus
- acid labile, foot and mouth disease, most destructive in Africa.
Genus Parcheovirus (human)
- similar to other enteroviruses, such as gastrointestinal and respiratory illness, meningoencephalitis, otitis media, and neonatal diseases.

6. Polioviruses: Antigenic Properties
Poliomyelitis is an acute infectious disease that in its serious form affects the central nervous system.
Antigenic Properties
There are three antigenic types of polioviruses.
Pathogenesis & Pathology:
The mouth is the portal of entry of the virus, and primary multiplication takes place in the oropharynx or intestine.
It is believed that the virus first multiplies in the tonsils, the lymph nodes of the neck, Peyer's patches, and the small intestine. The central nervous system may then be invaded by way of the circulating blood.

7. The virus is regularly present in the throat and in the stools before the onset of illness.
Antibodies to the virus appear early in the disease, usually before paralysis occurs.

8. 2. Nonparalytic Poliomyelitis (Aseptic Meningitis):
Clinical Findings:
Mild Disease:
This is the most common form of disease.
The patient has only a minor illness, characterized by fever, headache,
nausea, vomiting, and sore throat in various combinations.
Recovery occurs in a few days.
2. Nonparalytic Poliomyelitis (Aseptic Meningitis):
In addition to the symptoms and signs listed in the preceding paragraph, the patient with the nonparalytic form has stiffness and pain in the back and neck.

9. 3. Paralytic Poliomyelitis:
The predominating complaint is flaccid paralysis resulting from lower motor neuron damage.
The changes that occur in peripheral nerves and voluntary muscles are secondary to the destruction of nerve cells.
Progressive Postpoliomyelitis Muscle Atrophy:
It is a specific syndrome and is rare. A result of physiologic and aging changes in paralytic patients already burdened by loss of neuromuscular functions.

10. Laboratory Diagnosis:
The virus may be recovered from throat swabs taken soon after onset of illness and from rectal swabs or stool samples collected over long periods.
Cytopathogenic effects appear in 3–6 days. An isolated virus is identified and typed by neutralization with specific antiserum. Virus can also be identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays.

11. Epidemiology:
Poliomyelitis has had three epidemiologic phases: endemic, epidemic, and the vaccine era. The first two reflect prevaccine patterns.
Before global eradication efforts began, poliomyelitis occurred worldwide more during summer and fall.
children are usually more susceptible than adults because of the acquired immunity of the adult population.
The case fatality rate is variable. It is highest in the oldest patients and may reach 5–10%.

13. Prevention & Control:
Both live-virus and killed-virus vaccines are available.
Formalinized vaccine (Salk) is prepared from virus grown in monkey kidney cultures. Killed-virus vaccine induces humoral antibodies but does not induce local intestinal immunity so that virus is still able to multiply in the gut.
Oral vaccines contain live attenuated virus grown in primary monkey or human diploid cell cultures. The vaccine produces not only IgM and IgG antibodies in the blood but also secretory IgA antibodies in the intestine, which then becomes resistant to reinfection.
Both killed-virus and live-virus vaccines induce antibodies and protect the central nervous system from subsequent invasion by wild virus.

14. The vaccine viruses—particularly types 2 and 3—may mutate in the course of their multiplication in vaccinated children.
Live-virus vaccine should not be administered to immunodeficient or immunosuppressed individuals or their household contacts.
Immune globulin can provide protection for a few weeks against the paralytic disease but does not prevent subclinical infection. Immune globulin is effective only if given shortly before infection; it is of no value after clinical symptoms develop.

15. Coxsackieviruses: Clinical Findings: Divided into two groups, A and B
Group A: Herpangina (vesicular pharyngitis), hand-foot-and-mouth disease, and acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis
Group B: pleurodynia (epidemic myalgia), myocarditis, pericarditis, and severe generalized disease of infants.
More pathogenic than the echoviruses.
Clinical Findings:
Aseptic meningitis: Caused by all types of group B and by many group A viruses (A7 and A9). Fever, malaise, headache, nausea, and abdominal pain are common early symptoms.
Herpangina: Caused by certain group A viruses. There is an abrupt onset of fever and sore throat with discrete vesicles on the posterior half of the palate, pharynx, tonsils, or tongue.

16. Coxsackieviruses:
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease: Associated particularly with coxsackievirus A16.
characterized by oral and pharyngeal ulcerations and a vesicular rash of the palms and soles that may spread to the arms and legs
Pleurodynia: (epidemic myalgia) Caused by group B viruses.
Fever and stabbing chest pain are usually abrupt in onset but are sometimes preceded by malaise, headache, and anorexia.
Myocarditis: An acute inflammation of the heart or its covering membranes (pericarditis). Coxsackievirus B infections are a cause of primary myocardial disease in adults as well as children.
Generalized disease of infants: Caused by group B coxsackieviruses.
An extremely serious disease in which the infant is overwhelmed by simultaneous viral infections of multiple organs, including heart, liver, and brain.

17. Coxsackieviruses: Laboratory diagnosis: Epidemiology: Control:
Nucleic Acid Detection
Serology
Epidemiology:
Found in all over the world
Isolated more in summer and early fall.
Control:
No vaccines or antiviral drugs available for prevention or treatment of diseases caused by coxsackieviruses

18. Echoviruses Epidemiology: Control: Laboratory diagnosis:
Echoviruses infect the human enteric tract
Cause aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, febrile illnesses with or without rash, common colds, and ocular disease
Epidemiology:
Similar to that of other enteroviruses
Occur in all parts of the globe
More found in the young than in the old.
Control:
No antivirals or vaccines (other than polio vaccines) available for the treatment or prevention of any enterovirus diseases.
Laboratory diagnosis:
Nucleic Acid Detection
Serology

19. Rhinovirus Group Classification:
Rhinoviruses are the common cold viruses.
They are usually isolated from nasal secretions but may also be found in throat and oral secretions.
These viruses—as well as coronaviruses, adenoviruses, enteroviruses, parainfluenza viruses, and influenza viruses—cause upper respiratory tract infections, including the common cold syndrome.
Classification:
Human rhinoviruses can be divided into major and minor receptor groups.
The major group: use intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) as receptor
The minor group: bind members of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) family.

20. Properties of the Virus:
General Properties:
They are more thermostable than enteroviruses
These viruses are infectious only for humans, gibbons, and chimpanzees
They can be grown in a number of human cell lines, including the WI-38 and MRC-5 lines.
Pathogenesis & Pathology:
There is a direct correlation between the amount of virus in secretions and the severity of illness.
Replication is limited to the surface epithelium of the nasal mucosa.

21. Clinical Findings: Treatment & Control:
The incubation period is brief from 2 to 4 days
The acute illness usually lasts for 7 days
Usual symptoms in adults include sneezing, nasal obstruction, nasal discharge, and sore throat, etc.
Secondary bacterial infection may produce acute otitis media, sinusitis, bronchitis, or pneumonitis, especially in children.
Antibody develops 7–21 days after infection
They be transmitted through close contact, by means of virus- contaminated respiratory secretions
Treatment & Control:
No vaccine: - difficulty in growing rhinoviruses to high titer in culture
- The multiplicity of serotypes causing colds

22. a hundred days of foot and mouth
On individual basis FMD is not hugely significant - usually high morbidity and low mortality (very young animals - myocarditis). However, because of international trade barriers against countries with FMD economic implications are enormous. By CFIA estimates an outbreak of FMD would reduce the value of Canadian livestock by almost 2 billion dollars with costs to the cattle industry of over 30 million dollars per day. 22

23. Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Aphthovirus of Cattle)
It may be transmitted to humans by contact or ingestion
In humans, the disease is characterized by fever, salivation, and vesiculation of the mucous membranes of the oropharynx and of the skin of the palms, soles, fingers, and toes.
Highly contagious disease of domestic and wild ruminants and pigs.
In the early stages of infection when viremia is present and when vesicles in the mouth and on the feet rupture and liberate large amounts of virus.
can be fatal in young animals – myocarditis
not usually fatal in adults but causes economic losses (trade implications)