1. Public Key Encryption Algorithm
RSA Cryptography
Public Key Encryption Algorithm

2. What is it? RSA – Rivest, Shamir, Adleman
Algorithm for public key cryptography. Public-key cryptography refers to a cryptographic system requiring two separate keys, one to lock or encrypt the plaintext and one to unlock or decrypt the cypher text.
Wildly used in e-commerce
Involves 3 steps – key generation, encryption and decryption

5. RSA involves a public key and a private key
RSA involves a public key and a private key. The public key can be known to everyone and is used for encrypting messages. Messages encrypted with the public key can only be decrypted using the private key. The keys for the RSA algorithm are generated the following way:

6. d * e = 1 modφ(n) therefore, d = e -1 (mod φ(n) )
Key Generation
Two large distinct prime numbers p and q, chosen at random
Block B of text has been encoded by some function g into an integer T such that T is an integer and 0 < T < n (Calculate n=pq, where n is the mod of p and q)
Compute the Euler phi function. φ(n) = (p – 1)(q – 1) because n is the product of 2 primes.
Choose an integer e such that 1 < e < φ(n) and gcd(e,φ(n)) = 1 (e and φ(n) are co-prime)
gcd(e,φ(n)) = 1 means that 1 is a linear combination of e and φ(n):
Use Euclidean algorithm to find unique value for d and such that 1 < d < φ(n)
d * e = 1 modφ(n) therefore, d = e -1 (mod φ(n) )
Public key is pair of values (e,n).
Private key is pair values (d,n)

7. Example 1 Select 2 prime numbers p=17, q=13
Calculate n = pq = 17x13 = 221
Calculate φ(n) = (p – 1)(q – 1) = 16x12 = 192
Select e such that e is relatively prime to φ(n) = 160 and less than φ(n) ; we choose e = 11

8. Example 1 cont’d So n = 221, φ(n) = 192, e = 11
Determine d such that de = 1(mod 221) and d<221 using extended Euclidean algorithm (pg 273) with 11 and 192 (gcd(192, 11)) = (17 * 11) + 5 or 5 = 192 – (17 * 11) 11 = (2 * 5) or 1 = 11 – (2 * 5) 5 = (5 * 1) + 0 from which 1 = 11 – 2 * 5 = 11 – 2[192 – 17 * 11] = 35 * 11 – 2 * 192 Therefore, d = 35

9. Encryption Decryption
Plaintext : T < n Cipher Text: C = T e (mod n)
Decryption
Cipher Text : C
Plaintext : T = C d (mod n)

10. Example 1 Cont’d
Encrypt: Plaintext : Let T = 8 < n Cipher Text: C = T e (mod n) = 8 11 (mod 221) = 83 * 83 * 83 * 82 mod 221 = 512 * 512 * 512 * 64 mod 221 =70 * 70 * 70 * 64 mod 221 = 4900 * 4480 mod 221 = 38 * 60 mod 221 = 2280 mod 221 = 70

11. Computational Aspects
Exponentiation in Modular Arithmetic: [(a mod n) x (b mod n)]mod n = ( a x b ) mod n X16 = X1 x X2 x X3 x … x X15 x11 = x1+2+8 = (x)(x2)(x8)

12. Example 1 Cont’d
Decrypt: Cipher Text : C = 70 Plaintext : T = C d (mod n) = (mod 221) = (702)17 * 70 mod 221 = (4900)17 * 70 mod 221 = 3817 * 70 mod 221 = (382)8 * 38 * 70 mod 221 = (1444)8 * 38 * 70 mod 221 = (118)8 * 38 * 70 mod 221 = (1182)4 * 38 * 70 mod 221 = (13924) 4 * 38 * 70 mod 221 = 14 * 38 * 70 mod 221 = 2660 mod 221 = 8

13. Example 2
In a public key system using RSA, you interpret the ciphertext C=10 sent to a use whose public key is e = 5, n = 35. What is the plaintext M?

14. The Security of RSA
Four approaches to attacking the RSA Algorithm are:
Brute Force – trying all possible keys (small value of d is vulnerable to this)
Mathematical Attacks – factoring the product of 2 primes (p and q should only differ in length by a few digits)
Timing Attacks – Depend on running time of algorithms
Chosen Ciphertext attacks – exploits properties of RSA system

15. Home Work
Section 4.5 #20 and #21