1. PRESENTATION ON SEISMIC SAFETY CONSIDERATION IN SCHOOL BUILDINGS
By:  Dr. Anand S. Arya, FNA, FNAE
Professor Emeritus, Deptt. of Earthquake Engg., I.I.T. Roorkee
National Seismic Advisor, MHA, New Delhi
Padmashree awarded by the President, 2002

2. INTRODUCTION Children, vulnerable in earthquakes
Schools in rural areas in vulnerable buildings
School buildings seldom designed for safety
But very important assets for the community

3. SEISMIC RISK TO SCHOOL Death & injury to students, teachers and staff
Damage to or collapse of buildings
Damage and loss of furnishings, equipment and building contents
Disruption of educational programs and school operations.

4. DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE
Emergency Response
Post -
disaster: recovery
Preparedness
Prevention/
Mitigation
Reconstruction
Rehabilitation
Response/Relief
Pre
Disaster
Pre-disaster: risk reduction
Post - disaster: recovery

5. NATURAL HAZARDS
Earthquakes: Richter M 5.5 to 8.7 in different Zone III, IV & V
Floods: River plains
Local choking of Drains
Wind: – 55 m/s ( km/h)
Fire : Any where due to various causes
Landslides: In mountain areas

6. EARTHQUAKE HAZARD ZONES 2002
Zone V MM IX or more
“ IV MM VIII
“ III MM VII
Zone II MM VI or less
Area under the zones
V %
IV %
III ~30.8%
Total damageable
~ 59% IV V IV V V
III
III V

7. WIND & CYCLONE HAZARD ZONES IN INDIA

8. FLOOD HAZARD PRONE AREAS OF INDIA

9. LANDSLIDES ZONATION MAP OF INDIA
Severe Risk Area
High Risk Area
Moderate Risk Area
Unlikely Occurrence

10. EARTHQUAKE OCCURRENCE MAGNITUDE M 5 – 8.7
Surface Rupture
Seismic Waves
Near Surface Shift
Tsunami Generation
Damage to Buildings & Structures
Sea Waves
Coastal Floods
Soil Changes for M > 6.0
Generation of Vibration
Dynamic Settlement, Soil Liquefaction
Slope Movements
Primary Effects
Secondary Effects
Natural River Damming
Collapse of Structural Components/fire/flood (e.g. by dam break)
Floods
Non- Structural Damage
Impact on Man/Society
Personal injury
Loss of belongings
Psychological effects
Sociological effects
Economical effects

11. DIFFERENT MATERIALS USED IN CONSTRUCTION OF SCHOOL BUILDINGS
Mud wall
Stone wall
Burned brick wall
Concrete wall/column
Wood
Different mortar used
Mud mortar
Lime mortar (Lime surkhi)
Cement mortar (1:8, 1:6)

12. KACHCHH EARTHQUAKE IN GUJARAT
Date of Occurrence : 26th January Time : 8.46 a.m. Epicenter : North Latitude and East
Longitude : 20km North East of Bhuj Magnitude : 6.9 Richter Scale Moment magnitude Surface Wave magnitude Intensity, maximum : IX-X MSK Scale

13. A TERRIBLE HUMAN TRAGEDY
Over 1.1 million homes affected; 4 Kachchh towns in ruins

14. A TERRIBLE HUMAN TRAGEDY
Over 5,000 Health units damaged / destroyed
Bhuj General Hospital
High School of Dudhai Village
Over 42,000 School rooms damaged / destroyed

15. A TERRIBLE HUMAN TRAGEDY
Over 50,000 artisans lost their livelihood.
Over 10,000 small and medium industrial units went out of production.

16. A TERRIBLE HUMAN TRAGEDY
Massive damage to telecom, power, water supply and transport infrastructure.

17. School roof with precast R.C. panels collapsed (Ghandhidham)

18. Connection failure in precast R.C. school building ( Kukma village)

19. Summary of damage to physical assets of government & grant-in-aid academic institutions.
SECTOR
NO. OF INSTITUTIONS AFFECTED
Primary Education
School Buildings
Teacher Training Institutes
9593 42
Kitchens for Midday Meal Program
1871
Secondary/higher secondary education
Government Schools
Grant-in-aid schools
127
1913
Higher Education (Universities & Colleges) 47
Technical Education (polytechnics & engineering colleges)
Grant-in-aids schools 58 51
(Source: Department of Education, Government of Gujarat)

20. DEATHS & INJURIES DEATHS INJURIES TEACHERS 31 95 STUDENTS 971 1051
910 in primary
37 in secondary
3 in colleges
21 in teachers schools
Including 300 children on streets in Anjar

21. DAMAGES TO SOME OF THE SCHOOL BUILDINGS AROUND THE WORLD
Earthquake of June 27, 1925, Helena, Montana, USA.
The high school at Three Forks, Montana, with brick walls in lime mortar was badly damaged and the walls bulged on all sides.

22. Earthquake of June 27, 1925, Helena, Montana, USA.
Damage to school at Manhattan, Montana, 1925, partition walls of school house separated from the outside wall owing to lack of Ties.

23. Earthquake of March 10, 1933, Long Beach, California, USA.
Schools were among the buildings most severly damaged because they were not designed to resist shaking. In addition to the damage to the schools at Long Beach, the schools were badly damaged at Buena Park, Lomita and at Redondo Beach. Great loss of life would have occurred if the shock had taken place during school hours.

24. The 1933 Long Beach, California Earthquake destroyed at least 70 schools and damaged 420 more, 120 of them seriously. As a direct response, California enacted the Field Act, which established strict design and constructions standards for new schools in California.

25. In 1966 the Attorney General of California issued an opinion indicating that school boards were responsible for ensuring non-Field Act buildings were examined, and if schools were found to be unsafe and the board did not make the necessary corrections to make them safe, the individual school board members were personally liable.

26. The Governor signed the Greene Act in 1967, which relieved the individual school board members of personal liability only once the board initiated the process of examining existing buildings and established an intent to carry through to completion all the steps necessary for their replacement or repair.

27. Earthquake of October 31, 1935, Helena, Montana, USA.
The photo shows the west wing of Helena High School that collapsed. The collapsed part of the school reinforced concrete frame, floors and roof and the tile floors were faced with brick.

28. Collapsed school in Kern County, CA Earthquake, 1952

29. School Split by Slumping Ground in Earthquake of March 27, 1964,Prince Willian Sound, Alaska, USA.
Government Hill Elementary School split in two and was virtually destroyed when the ground beneath it slumped down. Fortunately, the earthquake occurred on Good Friday, a school holiday

30. Earthquake of October 3, 1974, Lima, Peru
Column failure caused the roof to sag on a one-storey classroom at Agricultural University. Note heavy roof structure on the concrete-frame building

31. Earthquake of September 6, 1975, Lice, Turkey.
All lateral resisting elements were shattered in the west wall of the high school building

32. Earthquake of April 9, 1976, Esmeraldas, Ecuador
Severe damage to exterior of Juan Montalvo School

33. Earthquake of July 27, 1976, Tangshan, China.
Collapse of a classroom and laboratory building at the College Mining Institute. The school was closed when the earthquake occurred, but more than 2000 students were killed in their dormitories.

34. Earthquake of October 10, 1980, El Asnam, Algeria.
This modern school collapsed at El Asnam. This school is one of 85 that collapsed during earthquake. The earthquake occurred after school hours, and so no loss of life was sustained at this school

35. Earthquake of May 2, 1983, Coalinga, California, USA.
Failure of pendent light fixtures in the Dawson Elementary School library would have caused many injuries if the library had been occupied.

36. Earthquake of December 7, 1988, Spitak, Armenian SSR.
Four Hundred children were killed at this elementary school in Dzhrashen Southeast of Spitak, Armenian SSR. The precast concrete floors in the building collapsed due to poor ties with the walls.

37. DESIGN OF NEW SCHOOL BUILDINGS

38. PLANNING NORMS FOR SCHOOL BUILDINGS
Room sizes to be in accordance with the State norms for school buildings
Height of the rooms should not be less 3.6 m for all regions in urban areas.
Safety consideration: - Every class room to have 2 doors opening outside in a verandah or courtyard for easy exit.
For large two to three storey school buildings, there should be minimum two staircases with a width of 1.5 m opening into a large covered or open space.
Toilets need to be provided as per the National Building Code specification given:

39. PLANNING NORMS FOR SCHOOL BUILDINGS
Toilet norms for urban areas:-
Minimum floor area of water closet should be 1.1 Sq.m. with a minimum width of 0.9 m (NBC 2005, part – 3, pg.31).
Minimum floor area of bath should be 1.8 Sq.m. with a minimum width of 1.2 m (NBC 2005, part – 3, pg.31).
Every bath of water closet shall have window or ventilator, opening to a shaft or open space, of area not less than 0.3 Sq.m. with side not less than 0.3 m (NBC 2005, part – 3, pg.31).
The height of a bathroom or water closet measured from the surface of the floor to the lowest point in the ceiling (bottom of slab) shall not be less than 2.1 m (NBC 2005, part – 3, pg.31).

40. PLANNING NORMS FOR SCHOOL BUILDINGS
Toilet norms for rural areas:-
Minimum floor area of water closet should be 0.9 Sq.m. with a minimum width of 0.9 m (NBC 2005, part – 3, pg.58).
Minimum floor area of bath should be 1.2 Sq.m. with a minimum width of 1.0 m (NBC 2005, part – 3, pg.58).

41. PLANNING NORMS FOR SCHOOL BUILDINGS
No. of toilet fixtures required in school buildings
Fixtures Boys Girls
Water-closet 1 per 40 pupils 1 per 25 pupils
or part thereof or part thereof
Urinals 1 per 20 pupils -
or part thereof
Drinking 1 per 50 pupils 1 per 50 pupils
water Fountain or part thereof or part thereof
or taps

42. PLANNING NORMS FOR SCHOOL BUILDINGS
Preferably rain water harvesting may be included in large school buildings.
The buildings to be designed for earthquake, cyclonic wind resistance applicable as per IS Codes.
Plinth level of the school buildings to be kept atleast 15 cm above the known highest flood level, minimum 45 cm above the ground level.
In storm surge prone coastal areas either the whole school or the roof of the school made accessible through stairs should be kept higher than the estimated maximum flood inundation due to cyclonic rains/storm surges.

43. ONE ROOM SCHOOL BUILDING

44. TWO ROOM SCHOOL BUILDING

45. FOUR ROOM SCHOOL BUILDING

46. Overall arrangement of reinforcing in masonry double storey building
SEISMIC BANDS
Overall arrangement of reinforcing in masonry double storey building

47. SEISMIC SAFETY DETAILS

48. VIEW SHOWING THE FOUNDATION DETAIL

49. VIEW SHOWING THE SECTION OF SEISMIC BANDS

50. VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT IN THE BRICK WALLS
For earthquake safety in reinforcing bars have to be embedded in brick masonry at the corners of all the rooms and the side of the door openings.
These vertical bars have to be started from the foundation concrete, will pass through all seismic bands where they will be tied to the band R/F using binding wire & embedded to the ceiling band/roof slab as the case may be using a 300 mm 90° bend.

51. RECOMMENDED JOINT DETAILS WITH VERTICAL R/F AT CORNORS

52. VERTICAL R/F AT JAMBS OF OPENINGS

53. STRUCTURAL DETAILS

54. ASSESSMENT OF RISK TO SCHOOLS

55. VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENTS
Building safety From Earthquake, Wind, Flood & Fire
Absence of seismic bands, vertical reinforcement etc.
Damageability of contents due to the above hazards (Sliding, Falling Over, Failure of Lift Houses, Power failure, Leakage of Chemicals, Breakage of Pipelines, Over turning of Control panels Etc.)

56. RISK REDUCTION MEASURES
Retrofitting of Buildings Against Seismic Damage
Retrofitting of Roofs & Free Standing Walls Against High Winds
Protection of the Building from the Flood Waters
Improving Support Systems of Equipment
Fire Safety Measures
Preparedness Against Emergent Situations

57. SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF MASONRY BUILDINGS

58. EXTRA COST OF EARTHQUAKE SAFETY ELEMENTS IN BUILDINGS
Buildings constructed using the Indian Standard Codes & guidelines:
Masonry Building:
Seismic Zone III 2 – 3%
Seismic Zone IV 3 – 4%
Seismic Zone V 4 – 6%
Reinforced Concrete Buildings of 8 – 10 storeys:
Seismic Zone III 2.6 – 3.2%
Seismic Zone IV 3.2 – 4%
Seismic Zone V 5 – 6%
(In each case, including about 0.7% only for ductile detailing)
Retrofitting of buildings, not initially designed for earthquake will cost:
2 – 3 times as much as the above mentioned costs.

59. ROLE OF EDUCATIONAL AUTHORITIES
Developing comprehensive policies: from Preparedness & Mitigation to Response.
Increasing communication and interaction among Education and Emergency Management Agencies.
Ensuring compliance with school safety planning regulations
Addressing the needs of special student population (e.g. disabled)

60. STATE LEVEL ACTIONS
Field Act of California after 1933 Long Beach Earthquake.
Japanese Ministry of Construction Resolution regarding strengthening of schools to act as post disaster shelters.
South California State Board Regulation on Student & School Safety, USA requires State to develop a Model Safe School Check list to assess buildings & grounds.
NBC & other Sate document specify safety planning norms for design schools.

61. QUESTIONS TO PONDER Is there an earthquake hazard for your school?
- Seismic zone in which the school is located.
Are your school building safe?
- Assessment of Damageability in the probable intensity.
- Rapid Visual Screening.
- More detailed Vulnerability Assessment.
● Main points of deficiency requiring treatment.
- Assessment of Risk
● Death & Injuries – students, teachers, staff.

62. ● Disruption of school services.
● Destruction of school contents & equipments.
● Disruption of school services.
● Loss of sheltering services – post disaster.
What can be done to reduce earthquake risk in existing vulnerable school buildings ?
- Replace or Retrofit.
- Single stage Retrofit – cost & disruption.
- Incremental retrofit – reduce cost & disruption
(sequential operation over a few years combined
with annual maintenance).
Preparedness measures.

63. Thank You and wish you the best in your efforts