1. VIRTUE MIDN 1/C Smetana MIDN 1/C Stanton

2. VIRTUE “Bravery to endure and bear up against evil and danger, as well as to go forth and face them.” “The brave man us not he who feels no fear, but he whose noble mind its fear subdues.” Admiral Karl Claussen, German Navy

3. Moral Virtues

4. n n What is a virtue?   Aristotle defines a virtue as a capacity that enable a thing or being to function well.   For Aristotle, functioning well is exercising our capacity to reason in accordance with virtue.   In essence, reason allows human beings to direct a course between two extremes   Aristotle’s system is one of means, excesses, and deficiencies

6. Why be virtuous? n n Virtue will lead to happiness because it is an exercise of reason n n The function of man is a certain form of life, namely an activity of the soul exercised in combination with a rational principle or reasonable ground of action. The function of a good man is to exert such activity well.”

7. Aristotle’s Caution n n Though virtue observes the mean in actions and passions, this is not true for all acts and feelings n n Some acts are inherently evil (adultery, theft, murder, etc.). n n Goodness is one, evil is multiform n n It’s tough to hit the mark !

8. How do we become virtuous? n n “The true determinant of the mean is not the geometer’s rod, but the guiding principle in the good man’s soul.” n n “Thus a brave man appears rash when set beside a coward, and cowardly when set beside a rash man.” n n Aristotle gives the following guiding principles: – –Keep away from the extreme which is more opposed to the mean. (One extreme is always more dangerous than the other) – –Note errors into which we personally are most liable to fall – –Always be particularly on your guard against pleasure and pleasant things

9. Habit and Virtue

10. Virtue comes about, not by a process of nature, but by habituation n n Humans are not virtuous by nature, but possess the capacity for virtue n n We become virtuous by performing virtuous acts repeatedly until such acts become second nature

11. What is the right sort of habituation? n n The right sort of habituation must avoid excess and deficiency n n The anorexic who habituates him/herself to eating can be prone to gluttony

12. Virtue’s concern with pleasure and pain n n Action is not merely enough; a person’s pleasure or pain in consequence of action must be taken into account (Kant?) n n “The just and temperate person is not the one who [merely] does these actions, but the one who also does them in the way in which just or temperate people do them.”

13. Nicomachean Ethics

14. Courage   Courage is concerned with the feelings of fear and confidence (i.e. death in battle).   The motive of courage is the sense of honor.   Courage is a mean with respect to things that inspire confidence or fear (mean balance).   Five kinds of courage improperly so called: –. –.Courage vs. Applied Compulsion (citizen-soldier) –. –.Experience (the professional soldier) –. –.Passion (anger, etc.) –. –.Sanguinity (I can suffer nothing – beer muscles) –. –.Ignorance (situationally unaware)

15. Friendship   Friends are a necessary part of life (a virtue).   To be friends, then, they [individuals] must be mutually recognized as bearing goodwill and wishing well to each other. (i.e. you have to know your friends)   Three kinds of friendship –. –.Utility (good for themselves) –. –.Pleasure (pleasant to themselves) –. –.Friendship by reason of nature (alike in virtue)   The first two types of friendship dissolve easily, whereas the third is enduring   The man who is happy will need virtuous friends

16. The Fabric of Character

17. What is character? n n Nancy Sherman says character “has to do with a person’s traits; that is with attitudes, sensibilities, and beliefs that affect how a person sees, acts, and indeed lives.” n n Explains the present actions of individuals and what actions they can be counted on to do (“accountability and pattern to action”). n n “To act rightly is to act rightly in effect and conduct. It is to be emotionally engaged, and not merely to have the affect as accompaniment or instrument.” n n “An action motivated by the right principle but lacking in the right gesture or feeling falls short of the mean.”

18. Archilles in Vietnam Jonathan Shay M.D.

19. Jonathan Shay n Psychiatrist working with Vietnam Veterans who suffered from PTSD n Discovered similarities in Veterans war experiences and Homer’s account of Archilles in the Iliad n Knowledge could flow both ways: Scholars could better understand the Iliad from listening to veterans; Psychiatrist better understand veterans from reading it

20. Homer in Iliad What are the two aspects that homer emphasized in Iliad common in heavy and continuous fighting?

21. Homer in Iliad (cont) n Betrayal of “what’s right by a commander n Onset of the Berserk State

22. PTSD n Loss of Memory and Trust n Explosive Violence n Flash-backs n Alcohol and Drug Abuse n Suicidal n Isolation n Sit in corner of restaurant n Choked daughter n Hit the deck at work n Drink to sleep n Didn’t car if he lived n Leave family for weeks at a time

23. Grief at the Death of a Special Comrade

24. n War brings special bond between comrades n Extreme Loyalty between soldiers n Evident in relationship between Achilles and Patroklos n Misunderstood by the General Public n Many Veterans hide this compassion n Consider themselves dead after friend dies Soldier’s Love

25. Grief and the Warrior’s Rage

26. Communalization of Grief n Arises from unit cohesion n In Vietnam; Duty ends, sent home n Soldiers did not have opportunity to talk about trauma, and express emotions n May lead to more prolonged and serious emotional consequences

27. Grief Vietnam Iliad Grief Vietnam Iliad n Rare truces, Used dead as booby traps n Tears sign of weakness n Strangers prepared body for return n Truces for funerals and mourning n Tears acceptable for mourning friend n Restorative period of grief, Friends mourned over body and prepared for burial

28. Importance of Grief Military that sends soldiers to battle and tells them that love and grief do not matter; should not be shocked by their inhumanity when they return to civilian life

29. The EE Cheating Case at USNA Jeffery Gantor, Michael O’Donnell, and Tom Patton

30. Summary n Test stolen given to numerous students convinced that it was a gouge test. n Cover-up begins, Mids remain silent protect classmates n NDIC charge a few individuals, not directly responsible for and a few are kicked out n Superintendent covers-up football players involvement

31. Why? n Did the Academy atmosphere support or cause this behavior? n Where was the loyalty of the Mids? The Superintendent? n How should this have been handled?

32. Reading Assignment Fundamentals of Naval Leadership Lesson 9 Naval Leadership Voices of Experience The Components of Integrity