11. Setting Is the TIME and PLACE of the events of the story. This doesn’t just mean which town or country the story is set in, it can refer to the culture, the region, the room, the weather, etc. Or, the setting may include place, but leave the time period ambiguous because the story’s plot and circumstances are timeless.

12. Tone and Mood Tone is the narrator or author’s attitude about the subject of the piece of literature. Some sample tone adjectives are: angry, romantic, frightened, cheerful, condescending, thoughtful, etc. Mood is the effect of the images, word choice, conflict, tone, etc. on the audience.

13. Figurative Language: A. Simile Indirect comparison of two unlike things using like, as, seems, or than. Example: They flew like birds to the party. She is as mean as a snake.

14. Figurative Language B. Metaphor Direct comparison of two unlike things. Ex: The man is a pig. Our father is a rock.

15. Figurative Language C.Personification Giving human characteristics to an animal or inanimate object. Ex. “The sea licked greedy lips in the shadows.”

16. Anthropomorphism Specific type of personification wherein we attempt to understand/translate non- human behavior/motivations through the human, hence “anthrop,” lens. Ex. The puppy was crying because he was scared.

17. Hyperbole Extreme exaggeration Example: I have told you a million times what hyperbole is!!!!

18. Symbol Something that represents more than what it is―more than the thing itself. Example: Red rose=love.

19. Sound Devices... Alliteration: Repetition of initial sounds. Example: Mild mannered millionaire, and silly, silly students. Onomatopoeia: When a word sounds like what it is. Example: Whack, buzz, tinkle, sizzle, pop, and ding!

20. Sound Devices Cacophony—use of harsh or clashing sounds. Often used in descriptions of war, violence, hate, etc. Euphony—use of smooth or flowing sounds. Often used in description of love, happiness, joy, etc.

21. Sound Devices... Dialect—when literature is written, and words are spelled to indicate how the speech of a region or character sounds. Such as southern dialect with words like: y’all, fixin’ ta, howdy, etc.

22. Consonance Consonance is the repetition of consonant sounds. Example:lady lounges lazily, dark deep dread crept in Consonance is the repetition of consonant sounds. Example:lady lounges lazily, dark deep dread crept in

23. Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. Examples: fleet feet sweep by sleeping geeks. Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds. Examples: fleet feet sweep by sleeping geeks.

24. Communion Whenever an author writes about eating or drinking, he/she is assessing the relationship of characters. If food and drink is shared, the relationship is good. If food and drink are uncomfortable or are refused, the opposite is true.

25. Allusion A reference to anything from art, history, mythology, The Bible, Shakespeare, etc. Example: In “The Most Dangerous Game” Zaroff's dog who sinks in the quicksand is named for Lazarus from The Bible who was raised from the dead.

26. Imagery Words that are used to help readers experience something through their senses. There are several specific types of imagery you should know...

27. Imagery Types... Sight:Visual Imagery Ex. The pool was crystal clear and deep blue with waters calmly rippling.

28. Imagery Types... Hearing=aural imagery Ex. I knew my mom was really mad when I heard the SLAM of the door.

29. Imagery Types... Touch=Tactile imagery Ex. The bunny’s fur felt like silk against my hand.

30. Imagery Types... Taste=Gustatory imagery Ex. The salt lingered on his lips long after he had eaten the olives.

31. Imagery Types... Smell=Olfactory Imagery Ex:The scent of rotten eggs wafted through the halls.

32. Imagery Types... Thermal Imagery to show us how warm or cold something is Ex. The blood warm waters of the Caribbean closed over his head.

33. Imagery Types... Kinetic Imagery is used to show us how something moves. Ex: The boat rocked back and forth and back and forth and back and forth.

34. Poetic Apostrophe When the speaker addresses someone or something that is not present. Ex: “Oh, Elvis. Your words inspire me to tears!”

35. Is process of informing an audience about a character. There are two methods authors employ: Direct characterization—the speaker tells us directly about a character and what to think about him/her. Example: “Ms. Labor was the meanest teacher at Sumner High.”

36. Characterization, cont.

38. Character that is in conflict with the protagonist. Sometimes called the “bad guy,” and often shown in dark clothing in films.

42. #27: Static Characters These characters do not change as a result of the action or conflict. They stay the same from the beginning to the end. These static characters are most often also the flat characters.

43. Point of View is the vantage point from which a story is told. For the purpose of discussing literature we usually focus on the following four types:

44. First Person Point of View The narrator (story teller) is involved in the story and uses “I” to unfold the plot.

45. Second Person Point of View The narrator tell the story using the pronoun “you” as the driver of the plot. Most rarely used narrative point of view.

46. Third Person Limited Point of View The narrator is not involved in the story and reveals the thoughts and feelings of only ONE character.

47. Third Person Omniscient Point of View The narrator is not involved in the story, and can see into the minds (thoughts and feelings) of all the characters.

48. Suspense and Foreshadowing Suspense is the quality of a work that makes us continue to read to see what will happen next. Writers create suspense with details that arouse curiosity by foreshadowing, or hinting at what is to come. Ex. A thunderstorm on the morning of an outdoor wedding might foreshadow a bad marriage.

49. Diction Diction is word choice. Each time a writer chooses one word over another it effects the readers’ experience.

50. Three Types of Diction 1. High/Formal Diction: Many Polysyllabic words, formal sounding, sometimes considered “pedantic” This is the language you would hear in a college-level discussion. 2. Neutral Diction: This is deliberately clear language. Not overly formal. It is the language we should be using with each other in the classroom. 3. Low Diction: This is language that is full of slang, dialect, and informality. This is the language of the high school hallway.

51. Explication Line-by-line or stanza-by- stanza explanation of poetry.

52. Rhetorical Questioning Questioning that you don’t expect anyone to answer. Its purpose is to make people think, and sometimes work out internal conflict in literature and in life.

53. Types of Irony Situational: when what happens is ABSOLUTELY not what could have been predicted. Example: My neighbor kept talking about his cat, Lucky, and when I saw him he only had three legs and one eye!

54. Types of Irony Verbal: when what is said what is not what is meant. Example: When my brother dropped my super expensive sculpture and it broke into one thousand pieces, I said, “You are BRILLIANT!”

55. Types of Irony Dramatic: when the audience knows things that the character’s don’t know. Example: When the husband has purchased an anniversary gift for a wife, and the audience saw him do it, but the wife didn’t, every time she gives him a hint or nags him about it, the audience gets a laugh.

56. Theme Theme is the most important concept to understand for the purpose of encountering art of any kind. Everyone who writes, sings, draws, sculpts, acts, directs, designs, etc. has a vision or an opinion about some aspect of life that he/she wishes to share with his/her audience. This vision or opinion is called the theme! We should phrase our theme statements universally, U.M.

57. Synecdoche Synecdoche is a type of metaphor; one word or a part that represents the whole. Examples: One man can change his stars. All hands on deck. Lend me your ears. Synecdoche is a type of metaphor; one word or a part that represents the whole. Examples: One man can change his stars. All hands on deck. Lend me your ears.

58. Metonymy is substituting a word for another word closely associated with it. Examples: White House The White House said in a press release. crown The peasants bowed to the crown. central office The central office makes the rules. Metonymy is substituting a word for another word closely associated with it. Examples: White House The White House said in a press release. crown The peasants bowed to the crown. central office The central office makes the rules.

59. Malapropism Malapropism is an act or habit of misusing words ridiculously, esp. by the confusion of words that are similar in sound. Example: You say one thing but mean your mother. Or, on a more serious note: You say weary when you mean wary. Malapropism is an act or habit of misusing words ridiculously, esp. by the confusion of words that are similar in sound. Example: You say one thing but mean your mother. Or, on a more serious note: You say weary when you mean wary.

60. Anaphora Anaphora [LLat. Gk. anapherein, to repeat: ana-, again + pherein, to carry] The deliberate repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of several successive verses, clauses, or paragraphs. One of the devices of repetition, in which the same phrase is repeated at the beginning of two or more lines. "We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills" (Winston S. Churchill). Anaphora [LLat. Gk. anapherein, to repeat: ana-, again + pherein, to carry] The deliberate repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of several successive verses, clauses, or paragraphs. One of the devices of repetition, in which the same phrase is repeated at the beginning of two or more lines. "We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills" (Winston S. Churchill).

61. Paradox Paradox is a seeming contradiction. Ex. The blind prophet (someone who can see the truth/future). Innate wisdom in the uneducated. Parents who want their children to have an easier life, but are then disappointed in their kids for having it too easy. Paradox is a seeming contradiction. Ex. The blind prophet (someone who can see the truth/future). Innate wisdom in the uneducated. Parents who want their children to have an easier life, but are then disappointed in their kids for having it too easy.

62. Ethos

63. Logos

64. Pathos

65. Verisimilitude The appearance of truth; the quality of seeming to be true. Something that has the appearance of being true or real.

66. Character Foil Foil is a character that contrasts second character that highlights certain qualities of that first character. Ex: Tybalt/Romeo (the fighter/the lover) Foil is a character that contrasts second character that highlights certain qualities of that first character. Ex: Tybalt/Romeo (the fighter/the lover)

67. Anachronism Anachronism something that occurs out of its time period. Example: The clocks in Julius Caesar 1962 Pennies in the opening scene of 1932 set To Kill a Mockingbird Music from A Knight’s Tale/Mulin Rouge Knight’s Tale and the Nike Swoop. Anachronism something that occurs out of its time period. Example: The clocks in Julius Caesar 1962 Pennies in the opening scene of 1932 set To Kill a Mockingbird Music from A Knight’s Tale/Mulin Rouge Knight’s Tale and the Nike Swoop.

68. Oral Tradition Oral tradition is the way in which stories were passed down from generation to generation before written language was common.

69. Epic An Epic is a long poem about the adventures of a hero or of the gods. Ex. The Odyssey is an epic about Odysseus’ ten-year journey home. Other Epics: Virgil’s Aeneid, Don Juan, Paradise Lost, The Divine Comedy, Beowulf, Metamorphoses, Gilgamesh, and of course, The Iliad An Epic is a long poem about the adventures of a hero or of the gods. Ex. The Odyssey is an epic about Odysseus’ ten-year journey home. Other Epics: Virgil’s Aeneid, Don Juan, Paradise Lost, The Divine Comedy, Beowulf, Metamorphoses, Gilgamesh, and of course, The Iliad

70. Kenning Is a compound expression used in place of a name or noun. Examples: Whale-road = ocean Flashing-steel=sword Light of battle=sword Battle sweat=blood Is a compound expression used in place of a name or noun. Examples: Whale-road = ocean Flashing-steel=sword Light of battle=sword Battle sweat=blood

71. Beot Beot (Anglo-Saxon: "vow"; becomes Modern English "boast") A ritualized boast or vow first made publicly by Anglo-Saxon warriors known as thegns before the hlaford in a mead-hall the night before a military engagement. A typical warrior's boast might be that he would be the first to strike a blow in the coming battle, that he would kill a particular champion among the enemy, that he would not take a single step backward in retreat during the battle, that he would claim a renowned sword from an enemy warrior as booty, and so on. Example: From A Knight’s Tale: Introductory speech by Chaucer for Ulrich/William. Tons of them in Beowulf Beot (Anglo-Saxon: "vow"; becomes Modern English "boast") A ritualized boast or vow first made publicly by Anglo-Saxon warriors known as thegns before the hlaford in a mead-hall the night before a military engagement. A typical warrior's boast might be that he would be the first to strike a blow in the coming battle, that he would kill a particular champion among the enemy, that he would not take a single step backward in retreat during the battle, that he would claim a renowned sword from an enemy warrior as booty, and so on. Example: From A Knight’s Tale: Introductory speech by Chaucer for Ulrich/William. Tons of them in Beowulf

72. Xenia Xenia is the Greek concept of the guest/host reciprocal relationship. Concept at the heart of the Greek culture. It is not as simple as “hospitality.” Hospitality in our culture is voluntary. It is an obligation/ bond, between the two Xenos and is hereditary You would choose a Xenos based on your social station. Xenia was mandatory, and enforced by none other than Zeus Xenios. Violators were punished! Translation: If you eat at my table or sleep under my roof, I will do you no harm, and you will do me no harm. onlyAFTER You can only ask the identify of a guest AFTER you have fed him. Interesting tidbit: it is the source of our word Xenophobia— fear of strangers (Xenos--foreigner) Xenia is the Greek concept of the guest/host reciprocal relationship. Concept at the heart of the Greek culture. It is not as simple as “hospitality.” Hospitality in our culture is voluntary. It is an obligation/ bond, between the two Xenos and is hereditary You would choose a Xenos based on your social station. Xenia was mandatory, and enforced by none other than Zeus Xenios. Violators were punished! Translation: If you eat at my table or sleep under my roof, I will do you no harm, and you will do me no harm. onlyAFTER You can only ask the identify of a guest AFTER you have fed him. Interesting tidbit: it is the source of our word Xenophobia— fear of strangers (Xenos--foreigner)