1. NAVIGATION IN PRACTICE

2. INTRODUCTION CHENG CHING SIANG B.Sc (Biology) from NUS M.A. (Southeast Asian Studies) from NUS Bridgewatchkeeping Certificate awarded by the Republic of Singapore Navy Watchkeeping Certificate level 1 awarded by the Federal Republic of Germany Navy

3. INTRODUCTION The views and opinions expressed in this session are purely personal and do not in any way represent any official view of the Republic of Singapore Navy or any Government body.

4. SCOPE PREPARING A PASSAGE COASTAL NAVIGATION OCEAN PASSAGE Q & A session Right: Parkes Radio Space Telescope in Australia

5. PREPARING A PASSAGE Getting Organized PUBLICATIONS  Admiralty Sailing Directions, Admiralty Distance Tables, Admiralty list of Lights, Admiralty Tide Tables etc. CHARTS  Largest Scale Charts appropriate for the purpose METEOROLOGY  Likely Weather, Weather Stations en route PILOTS  Diversionary Ports, Search and Rescue alternatives

6. PREPARING A PASSAGE Planning the ETD and ETA Tidal Considerations, Port Restrictions, Courtesies to the Country visited etc. Fuel considerations Economical Steaming

7. PREPARING A PASSAGE All is not always plain sailing!

8. COASTAL NAVIGATION FIXING METHODS Visual Radar Horizontal/Vertical Sextant Angle Combination Radio Fixing GPS/DGPS

9. COASTAL NAVIGATION An Example of Fixing using Sounding Lines & Bearing

10. COASTAL NAVIGATION Bearing Lattice Fixes

11. COASTAL NAVIGATION Lattice of HSA curves

12. COASTAL NAVIGATION PILOTAGE

13. OCEAN PASSAGE Celestial Navigation Modern Methods i.e. GPS, LORAN-C, DECCA Dead Reckoning

14. OCEAN PASSAGE Celestial Navigation Planning Pointers Other Practical Uses  Gyro Checks  Prediction of Phenomenon like Sunrise/Sunset, Moonrise/Moonset, Twilight etc. Fig : Evening Twilight by Sergon

15. OCEAN PASSAGE Modern Methods Global Positioning Systems Right: A GPS Satellite

16. OCEAN PASSAGE Modern Methods Others  Inertial Navigation System (INS)  Navigation Sensor System Interface (NavSSI)  Bottom Contour Navigation  Long Range Navigation Right: Tomahawk Firing during the Gulf War

17. OCEAN PASSAGE Dead Reckoning Loosely defined as the plotting of the Ship’s approximate position or future position A fix is something in History Fig : A Dead Reckoned Track

18. LOST PROCEDURES I have a few suggestions Get on MMS Ch 16 and yell for help Ask a passing ship politely in as many languages possible for a GPS position Get your spare GPS working Get that sextant out Right: An International Distress Flag ‘SOS’

19. BON VOYAGE!