1. Prof. Paul Sirvatka ESAS 1115 Severe and Unusual Weather Severe and Unusual Weather ESAS 1115 Severe and Unusual Weather ESAS 1115 Spotter Training and Radar Meteorology Part 4 – Multicell Thunderstorms

2. Prof. Paul Sirvatka ESAS 1115 Severe and Unusual Weather Multicell Thunderstorms  Several distinct updraft/downdraft couplets exist  Can form as a cluster or a squall line  A vertically sheared environment results in tilting of the updrafts and a longer lasting system

3. Prof. Paul Sirvatka ESAS 1115 Severe and Unusual Weather Multicell Storms How Many Cells are There?

4. Prof. Paul Sirvatka ESAS 1115 Severe and Unusual Weather Multicell Cluster  Series of evolving cells where new updraft growth is on a preferred flank  Child cells kill their parents with cold outflow air  New updraft growth is generated along outflow from the parent cells preferentially based upon low-level convergence and in conjunction with low-level wind shear

5. Prof. Paul Sirvatka ESAS 1115 Severe and Unusual Weather Multicell Evolution Southwest side of multicell cluster (looking to the northeast)

6. Prof. Paul Sirvatka ESAS 1115 Severe and Unusual Weather Overshooting Tops

7. Prof. Paul Sirvatka ESAS 1115 Severe and Unusual Weather Multiple Updraft Growth in Close Proximity to Each Other In moderate wind shear environments, multicell storms may take a few hours to evolve into a supercell storm

8. Prof. Paul Sirvatka ESAS 1115 Severe and Unusual Weather Multicell (Squall) Line  A squall line is a line of thunderstorms with a continuous, well developed gust front at its leading edge  Discrete cells are difficult to distinguish  New cell growth is generally along the whole line rather than on just one preferred flank  Large hail is possible in the highest reflectivity cores  Damaging winds are possible at the leading edge but also further behind the front edge

9. Prof. Paul Sirvatka ESAS 1115 Severe and Unusual Weather Line Echo Wave Pattern (LEWP) Refers to a series of bow echo segments; a wavy appearing squall line; can result in an enhanced severe threat at the leading edge of the bow or in the “crest” of the waves Crest

10. Prof. Paul Sirvatka ESAS 1115 Severe and Unusual Weather Squall Line Cross Section  Compare with supercell schematic  Updrafts are on the leading edge of the cold pool, hence tornado threat is small after passage of gust front although hail will now occur  Squall lines have well-developed cold pools

11. Prof. Paul Sirvatka ESAS 1115 Severe and Unusual Weather Cross Section of Multicell

12. Prof. Paul Sirvatka ESAS 1115 Severe and Unusual Weather Outflow Boundary (OFB)

13. Prof. Paul Sirvatka ESAS 1115 Severe and Unusual Weather OFB on Composite Radar

14. Prof. Paul Sirvatka ESAS 1115 Severe and Unusual Weather Shelf Cloud Along the OFB

15. Prof. Paul Sirvatka ESAS 1115 Severe and Unusual Weather Shelf Cloud

16. Prof. Paul Sirvatka ESAS 1115 Severe and Unusual Weather Underneath the Shelf  The texture underneath the shelf cloud is considered boiling  Although turbulent and swirling, the underside of a shelf cloud is a region of warm and cold air mixing and thus not tornadic

17. Prof. Paul Sirvatka ESAS 1115 Severe and Unusual Weather Boiling Texture

18. Prof. Paul Sirvatka ESAS 1115 Severe and Unusual Weather Typical Look  Look for ragged appearance, even if it is not extremely turbulent  Think about where the rain is falling and whether or not cool air is pushing away from the storm  Be aware that sheared motion along the outflow is often mistaken for rotation  Sometimes, the only significant feature readily identifiable is the shelf cloud Movie

19. Prof. Paul Sirvatka ESAS 1115 Severe and Unusual Weather Intense Skies

20. Prof. Paul Sirvatka ESAS 1115 Severe and Unusual Weather On Top of the Shelf  The top of a shelf is usually quite laminar (smooth)  Laminar cloud texture is usually the result of forced ascent, not convective in nature  Laminar banding is not uncommon in a stacked shelf cloud

21. Prof. Paul Sirvatka ESAS 1115 Severe and Unusual Weather Laminar Bandings in a Stacked Shelf Cloud

22. Prof. Paul Sirvatka ESAS 1115 Severe and Unusual Weather Forced Ascent along Squall Line Cold Pool Definitely dark and scary!

23. Prof. Paul Sirvatka ESAS 1115 Severe and Unusual Weather Outflow Dominant Line of Storms

24. Prof. Paul Sirvatka ESAS 1115 Severe and Unusual Weather Outflow Features of a Squall Line

25. Prof. Paul Sirvatka ESAS 1115 Severe and Unusual Weather Haboob (Dust Storm)

26. Prof. Paul Sirvatka ESAS 1115 Severe and Unusual Weather GustnadoesGustnadoes

27. Prof. Paul Sirvatka ESAS 1115 Severe and Unusual Weather GustnadoesGustnadoes  Gustnadoes are not really tornadoes as they are not pendant to a Cb  Although these vortices are relatively weak, they still pose some threat to those in their paths  Note the boiling texture underneath the shelf cloud

28. Prof. Paul Sirvatka ESAS 1115 Severe and Unusual Weather Broken Squall Line Threats  Tornadoes are most likely within supercells and can form where storms are more isolated  These storms are most likely at the southern most end (“Tail End Charlie”) or just north of a break  Isolated storms ahead of a squall line also pose significant risk for severe events and/or tornadoes

29. Prof. Paul Sirvatka ESAS 1115 Severe and Unusual Weather Bow Echoes

30. Prof. Paul Sirvatka ESAS 1115 Severe and Unusual Weather Development of a Bow Echo Movie

31. Prof. Paul Sirvatka ESAS 1115 Severe and Unusual Weather Bow Echo with Trailing Stratiform Rain

32. Prof. Paul Sirvatka ESAS 1115 Severe and Unusual Weather Underneath a Bow

33. Prof. Paul Sirvatka ESAS 1115 Severe and Unusual Weather MCS and MCC  A large organization of thunderstorms is called an MCS (Mesoscale Convective System)  A squall line is considered a linear MCS  When the IR satellite presents a more circular perspective of a large cluster of thunderstorms and it persists for more than 6 hours, we refer to this MCS as an MCC (Mesoscale Convective Complex)

34. Prof. Paul Sirvatka ESAS 1115 Severe and Unusual Weather Linear vs. Circular Eccentricity: Ratio of the minor axis to the major axis Eccentricity close to 1 Eccentricity much less than 1

35. Prof. Paul Sirvatka ESAS 1115 Severe and Unusual Weather Mesoscale Convective Vortex (MCV)

36. Prof. Paul Sirvatka ESAS 1115 Severe and Unusual Weather Multicell Thunderstorms  Gust front processes dominate multicell processes  The addition of vertical wind shear allows for new updrafts to reach maturity in some organized fashion  Even though each cell moves with the mean wind of the cloud-bearing layer, new updrafts form where low-level convergence is strongest and is enhanced by the vertical wind shear  When updrafts initiate at a preferred location, multicell clusters form  Updrafts that initiate along the leading edge of the cold pool will result in a squall line  The severe threat increases as instability and shear increase and where strong cold pools do not overwhelm new storm growth  Severe weather events are more predictable ahead of strong cells and with features that are easily identifiable on radar (e.g. bow echoes)  Tornadoes are possible with storms that are supercellular or isolated (such as a head of a line) and with storms north of a bow echo