1. Microsatellite genotyping of environmental Aspergillus fumigatus isolates Nicole Abel The University of Tulsa

2. Introduction J&M FARMS –Miami, OK (Ottawa Co.) –Large outdoor compost facility –Commercial mushroom farm –Complaints about smell and perceived health effects

3. Concerning Statistics 13.4% of Ottawa County residents have asthma Average asthma rate for rest of OK is 7.2%

4. Compost & Bioaerosols Several microorganisms break down the organic matter in compost to create a usable product During composting process, compost is churned mechanically Mechanical agitation can cause these biological agents to become aerosolized –“bioaerosol” Increasing concern about the potential impact of composting on human health

5. Aspergillus fumigatus Fungus of the genus Aspergillus Dominant bioaerosol from compost Most common species in this genus to cause disease in individuals with a compromised immune system

6. Aspergillus fumigatus

7. Bioaerosol health concerns are focused on Aspergillus fumigatus for several reasons: –Grows abundantly in compost –Can survive at peak compost temperatures –Can survive temperature of the human body –Conidia are easily airborne –When inhaled, small enough to reach lung –Several well-known health effects

8. Health effects of AF AF is known to cause a wide span of invasive diseases collectively called “Aspergillosis” Traditionally viewed as weak pathogen, causing problems with asthma, allergies, and other diseases: –“Farmer’s lung” –Aspergilloma –Fungal sinusitis

9. Health effects of AF –“Farmer’s lung” Inflammation of the lungs due to repeated exposure to the spores Symptoms of acute farmer’s lung: –Chills, Cough, Fever, Shortness of breath Symptoms of chronic farmers lung: –Breathlessness, Cough, Loss of appetite, weight loss Often reverseable by avoiding additional exposure Chronic form may lead to scarring of lung tissue

10. Health effects of AF –Aspergilloma an overgrowth of the fungus on the surface of preexisting cavities in the lungs This often occurs in patients treated successfully for tuberculosis Often no symptoms, but most common symptom is coughing up blood (hemoptysis) Most cases do not require treatment With severe hemoptysis, surgery may be required to remove the aspergilloma and stop the bleeding

11. Health effects of AF –Fungal sinusitis Inflammation of sinuses Patients often have allergies or asthma Thick fungal debris and sticky mucus that must be surgically removed in order to keep the inflammatory condition under control At times this massive nasal polyposis and fungal debris can expand and erode towards the eyes or brain.

12. Health effects of AF The situation has become much more serious in recent years –increase in the number of immunosuppressed patients –degree of severity of modern immunosuppressive therapies, Now most common airborne pathogenic fungus Causes wide span of severe and usually fatal invasive infections in the immunocompromised

13. Aspergillosis Extrinsic asthma- most common, occurs in allergic individuals, causes cough, wheezing, chills, aches, and pains Extrinsic allergic alveolitis- can occur in those without allergies, but with repeated exposure to AF spores and many of the spores reach lung tissue, causes coughing, difficulty in breathing, and fever Allergic bronchiopulminary aspergillosis- more serious form of “Farmer’s lung”, may follow entrinsic asthma, but symptoms are chronic and more severe, treatment is required or this disease can be fatal

14. Aspergillosis Invasive Aspergillosis –Most dangerous and rare –Occurs in the immunocompromised –AF grows from the lung into other organs –Often fatal –Causes 30% of fungal infections in cancer patients –Occurs in 10-25% of patients being treated for leukemia. Even treated, the mortality rate for these patients is 80- 90% –Major cause of death at transplant and leukemia centers

16. Peoria Tribe/University of Tulsa Air Quality Studies in Miami, OK

17. Phase 1 Previous study recorded elevated airborne A. fumigatus within 400 m of compost facility A. fumigatus spores were significantly higher downwind of compost facility than control sites Problem: Air samples not done in populated areas so not pertinant to public health

18. Present Study 2009-2010 Objectives: –Determine AF conc. in facility’s compost –Determine airborne AF conc. in Ottawa Co. vs. Tulsa Co. –Determine genetic relation between airborne AF in Ottawa Co., AF in the facilty’s compost, and if distinct from Tulsa AF controls

19. Hypothesis AF concentrations in facility’s compost will be high Airborne AF concentration will be greater in Ottawa Co. vs. Tulsa Co. AF from compost & Ottawa Co. air will be genetically identical AF from Tulsa air will be genetically different from AF from Ottawa Co. air and compost isolates

20. Compost Compost Windrows Miami, OK

21. Compost Purchased 6 truckloads of spent compost from facility 1 gallon bag from each truckload was brought to our lab at TU 10 random samples obtained from each bag of compost Samples dilution plated onto MEA containing Streptomycin in dilutions of 10 -1, 10 -2, and 10 -3 Plated AF concentrations in the compost ranged from 0-100,000 CFU/g

22. Compost 1 Sample 2 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 840 CFU/g

23. Compost 1 Sample 1 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 100,000 CFU/g

25. Air Samples Ottawa Co.- samples collected from 5 locations within 5 miles of facility (selected by the EPA) Tulsa Co.- samples collected from 5 random locations in Tulsa (144 km upwind from compost site) to serve as control Verified control sites do not use compost from this facility Sampling done once a week with Anderson Single Stage Samplers onto MEA plus streptomycin plates for a total of 39 weeks

26. Ottawa Co. Air Sample Locations North Miami Miami Commerce Picher Quapaw Compost Facility/ Mushroom farm

27. Tulsa Air Sample Locations Mohawk Park University of Tulsa campus Lakewood Gardens Kendall- Whittier Woodward Park

28. -------Ottawa Co.------- -------Tulsa Co.------- Average AF for Each Sample Location

29. Number of times AF collected from air in 39 weeks: Ottawa Co.- 17Tulsa Co.-8 Average Airborne AF each Month Ottawa Co. vs. Tulsa Co.

30. P=0.0238 (Statistically Significant) Overall Average Airborne AF CFU/m3 Ottawa Co. vs. Tulsa Co.

31. Mushroom Side Project Several samples of the compost had extremely high levels of AF Commercial mushrooms are grown in the compost Could their mushrooms have elevated AF on their surface when sold in grocery store?

32. Mushrooms Purchased 7 brands of mushrooms (including J&M) Compost from each brand was removed from surface of mushrooms Samples diluted to 10 -1, 10 -2, and 10 -3 onto MEA plates with Streptomycin and incubated AF colonies were identified and counted

33. J&M Grocery Mushrooms

35. Mushroom Side project #2 J&M mushrooms have excessive AF on their surface AF is hydrophobic and becomes airborne easily If these mushrooms are washed in a sink, will they become airborne in the kitchen?

36. Mushroom Washing J&M mushrooms were purchased and washed in a sink to mimic home use Air samples collected next to the sink using an Anderson single stage sampler with MEA plates before, during, and after washing This process was repeated with separate packages of mushrooms for a total of three trials

37. Airborne AF During Mushroom Washing

38. Subcultures All plates from air samples, compost, and mushrooms were incubated at 45° C for 48 hours All AF isolates were sub-cultured & grown in malt extract broth

39. Microsatellite A microsatellite is a specific sequence of DNA bases which are repeated a certain # of times. For example: –GTGTGTGTGTGT---’GT’ X 6 –CTGCTGCTGCTG---’CTG’ X 4 –ACTCACTCACTCACTC---’ACTC’ X 4 Microsastellites can differ in # of repeats & are hereditary, so # of repeats can determine relatedness AKA –simple sequence repeats (SSR) –short tandem repeats (STR) –variable number tandem repeats (VNTR)

40. Microsatellite Applications Forensics –Link a suspect with a sample of blood, semen or hair taken from a crime –Link a sample found on a suspect's clothing with a victim –Investigating paternity in order to establish rape or incest –Linking DNA samples with relatives of a missing person

41. Microsatellite Applications –Diagnosis & identification of human diseases Change in length early in development of some cancers Early cancer detection Polymorphic, so useful in locating genes responsible for various genetic disorders

42. Microsatellite Applications –Population studies Variation of microsatellites in populations can help to make inferences about pop. –Structures –Differences –Genetic drift –Genetic bottlenecks –Date of a last common ancestor

43. Microsatellite Applications Conservation biology Detect sudden change in population, Effects of population fragmentation Interaction of different populations Identification of new and incipient populations.

44. DNA extraction DNA extraction The DNA was extracted from all isolates using EZNA kit DNA concentrations extracted from each isolate were documented using the Nanodrop 8000

45. Identification and PCR Isolates positively identified as AF using: –Microscopic analysis –DNA analysis of ITS gene DNA extraction PCR Sequencing

46. Genotyping 9 microsatellites were used to discriminate between the isolates of AF using the method of de Valk et al. (2005) –Genotyped using complete panel of 9 microsatellites (ABI 3130xl Capillary Sequencer) –Genotypes analyzed –Strains and relatedness determined (GeneMapper v 4.0)

47. AF STRAINS

48. Conclusions Compost Aspergillus fumigatus concentration in J&M’s compost was extremely variable (0- 100,000 CFU/g) Bags #1 & #2 contains extremely high amounts of AF Some J&M compost contains very high levels of AF and is mechanically agitated, it is possible this could cause elevated airborne AF in the surrounding area.

49. Conclusions Air Samples Total airborne spore concentration significantly higher in Ottawa Co. vs. Tulsa Co. P=0.0238 The sampling location with highest airborne conc. Is most often downwind from J&M

50. Conclusions Genetic Analysis Genetic variation exists amongst the isolates; however: –3 of 3 isolates from mushrooms match compost –2 of 2 Isolates from air sampling during mushroom washing match compost –12 of 19 isolates from Ottawa Co. air match compost –30 of 48 isolates from compost match Ottawa Co. air samples –Tulsa isolates distinct from all J&M isolates

51. Acknowledgments Dr. Estelle Levetin Dr. Mark BuchheimDr. Mark Buchheim Dr. Ron BonettDr. Ron Bonett Jacob CrowleyJacob Crowley Justin Downs and Brandon BartleyJustin Downs and Brandon Bartley Funding for this study was provided by the Peoria Tribe of Indians through anFunding for this study was provided by the Peoria Tribe of Indians through an EPA grantEPA grant

52. Thank you! Questions?