1. Young America Asserts Itself in World Affairs 1797-1823

2.  Washington’s final legacy to the young republic was his Farewell Address (published in 1796), in which he warned against both political factionalism and “foreign entanglements”  Washington’s advice has often been used (wrongly) by American isolationists to justify restraining America’s overseas activities and commitments  Washington foresaw a time when the U.S. would become a great power but also knew that, until then, it needed to time to grow and prosper unmolested by foreign powers and the temptation to adventurism on the part of some  Would Americans follow his advice?

3.  As war continued in Europe, Britain and France failed to respect American neutrality on the high seas, seizing ship cargoes and impressing sailors (even some U.S. citizens)  U.S. efforts to negotiate with the French resulted in the XYZ Affair (1797), in which the French demanded a bribe before they would even speak with American diplomats  Resulting furor at home led to an undeclared naval war with France (Quasi-War of 1798) and creation of the U.S. Navy and Marines by President John Adams (Federalist)  Washington and Hamilton were even called upon to lead a revived “wartime” army

4. Federalists in Congress and President Adams responded to Republican criticisms and suspected disloyalty with passage of the Alien & Sedition Acts. (1) allowed expulsion of aliens suspected of subversion, (2) lengthened the residency requirement for naturalization as a citizen from 5 to 14 years, and (3) gave the federal government power to arrest and imprison anyone charged with sedition (aimed squarely at muzzling the Republican press and eroding First Amendment rights) Republicans responded with the Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions (1798) asserting states’ rights to protect their citizens against tyrannical federal authority Contributed to Federalist defeat in the Election (“Revolution”) of 1800, in which Republicans took over control of Congress and Jefferson defeated Adams for the presidency

5. Despite his views on limited executive power Jefferson pursued an activist foreign policy: 1801: He ordered a naval squadron to compel the Barbary Pirates (Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli) to halt their extortion of American vessels; by 1805, these states agreed to a treaty favorable to the U.S., the operation impressed European states 1803: Louisiana Purchase made possible by Napoleon’s desire for ready cash, ($15 Million) and Jefferson’s realization that the deal was too good to pass up (Strict interpretation of the Constitution) Result: Doubles the size of the United States and Lewis and Clark go west to explore and make first U.S. claim to Oregon.

6. Louisiana Purchase

7.  With the start of the Napoleonic Wars (1805), British and French naval vessels resumed impressment of American sailors and seizure of cargoes bound for enemy ports  Jefferson’s response was the ill-advised Embargo Act (1807) that halted all trade with foreign nations in the expectation that Britain and France would be compelled to desist and agree to negotiate with the U.S. (New England was particularly upset)  Madison (Jefferson’s hand-picked successor) realized the Embargo act hurt US more than Britain and France. Passed the Non-Intercourse Act, which opened up trade with everyone except Britain and France  James Madison signed Macon’s Bill #2 (1810) stating that, if either Britain or France agreed to respect American rights, the U.S. would cut off trade with the other country  France agreed and the U.S. cut off trade with Britain in 1811, thus prompting a British blockade of U.S. ports

8.  Meanwhile, back on the trans-Appalachian frontier, Native Americans (led by such tribes as the Shawnee and Creek), resisted westward settlement by American pioneers  Britain supplied the Shawnee leader, Tecumseh, with money and weapons  1811 -- Battle of Tippecanoe: General William Henry Harrison defeated Tecumseh  Newly-elected “War Hawks” congressmen such as Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, called for an invasion of Canada to break the back of the British-Native American alliance

9. Congress declared war on Britain on June 18, 1812; Madison called up the army “Mr. Madison’s War” (the Federalists called it) was a comedy of errors that almost resulted in defeat: I. Attempted invasions of Canada failed miserably II. Tecumseh wreaked havoc on the NW frontier, until defeated by Harrison (again) in late 1813 III. British expeditionary force captured Washington and burned the White House and the Capitol (1814)

10.  Jan of 1815 – Battle of New Orleans – General Andrew Jackson defeated the British.  More than 2,000 British were killed or wounded and several hundred more were captured. The American loss was only eight killed and 13 wounded.  Jackson was a hero (savior of New Orleans)  Battle militarily insignificant because the war is already over (Treaty of Ghent) Dec. 1814 -- Treaty of Ghent secured British recognition of American Interests and helped ensure survival i.Hostilities cease ii.All borders go back to pre-war status iii.All land returned to original owners

11. John Quincy Adams, who had helped to negotiate the Treaty of Ghent, served as President Monroe’s Secretary of State (1817-1825) and masterminded an American diplomatic revolution. Monroe and Adams helped to protect U.S. long-term interests by negotiating three major treaties (& helping to initiate long-term peace with UK): 1. Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817) demilitarized the Great Lakes. 2. British-American Convention (1818) set the boundary between the U.S. and Canada (at the 49 th parallel) and created the longest unguarded border in the world. 3. Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) – Spain ceded Florida to the U.S. in exchange for defined boundaries in the west and abandonment of the U.S. claim to Texas (right).

13.  Latin America was in the process of gaining independence from Spain.  European powers threatened to reassert control in the Western Hemisphere  Adams also helped to formulate the Monroe Doctrine (1823) that established our policy with regard to Latin America; no foreign intervention in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere.  Isolation (US will not intervene in European Wars)  Non-Intervention (Europeans were to keep their hands off the Americas)