1. Crime and Inflation: Preliminary Cross-National Evidence Richard Rosenfeld University of Missouri – St. Louis USA

2. Inflation is the cruelest tax. Anon

3. New Consensus? Recent US research reveals robust effects of changing economic conditions on crime rates Beyond the unemployment rate: GDP, wages, consumer sentiment Direct effects limited to property crime; indirect effects on violent crime

4. Great Recession Unemployment rose, economic growth stalled, consumer sentiment plunged during 2008-09 recession Crime rates fell Resurgence of the “consensus of doubt”

5. Was the Great Recession Different? Unlike in previous recessions, inflation rates at historic lows – Prices dropped in 2009 for first time in over 50 years Anecdotal evidence of inflation – crime connection – 1930s: price deflation – 1950s: low inflation – 1960s: rising inflation – 1970s: stagflation Falling crime rates Rising crime rates

6. Prior Research Scattered US studies of inflation effects on crime All show significant positive effect Little theoretical development No cross-national research

7. Inflation vs. Other Indicators of Economic Adversity More widespread More immediate Closer relationship to demand for stolen goods

8. Logic Model: Inflation and the Market for Stolen Goods Supply – Offenders sell or trade goods they do not consume or give away – Offenders respond to incentives, including demand for stolen goods Demand – Consumers “trade down” as prices rise – Stolen goods are “inferior goods”: demand increases as prices rise (or aggregate income falls) – Acquisitive crime rises with increases in demand for stolen goods

9. Inflation and Violent Crime Trafficking stolen goods risky business Underground markets “stateless” locations Violence potent enforcement mechanism

10. Research Issues Are year-over-year changes in crime related to inflation? Is the relationship between crime and inflation nonlinear? Do former communist nations affect the relationship between inflation and crime? Are the effects of inflation on crime independent of those of GDP and unemployment? Does inflation condition the effect of unemployment on crime?

11. Data and Methods DVs: Homicide, Robbery, and Burglary Rates for 20 Nations, 1990 – 2010 – European Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics – Eurostat (2008-10) IVs: Inflation, unemployment, GDP per cap, nation and period effects – World Bank – International Monetary Fund Fixed effects panel models with panel corrected standard errors – Variables first-differenced, except where noted

12. Sample Austria Bulgaria Denmark England & Wales Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Scotland Sweden Switzerland United States

13. Summary Descriptive and Bivariate Results

19. Crime as a Non-Linear Function of Inflation Burglary Example

21. Multivariate Results by Crime Type

25. Discussion Crime is a nonlinear function of inflation Inflation effects are small but robust Inflation conditions the effect of unemployment on homicide and robbery, but not burglary Economic growth has sizable and robust effects on crime – Positive effect of growth on homicide needs further exploration

26. Next Steps Add other economic indicators – Consumer sentiment – Poverty, inequality Add other controls – Age composition – Divorce rate – Urbanization