1. Yrd. Doç. Alberta (Liesbeth) G.A. Paul
Medical Terminology ???
February 2015
Yrd. Doç. Alberta (Liesbeth) G.A. Paul

2. Who I am: I am from The Netherlands (Holland) Biology graduate
Ph.D. in Immunology
Worked 7 years in the USA, Now 3 years in Turkey
Researcher specialized in autoimmune diseases and autoinflammatory diseases

3. What I expect from you: Open communication with me -
evaluation /questions
Interactive and Proactive –
questions/bring lecture material to the class
Let us BOTH learn from these lectures ! –
evaluation form will be designed

4. Main Objective: Introduction to Medical Terminology
New students to Medical Terminology are often bewildered by strange spelling and pronunciation.
Approximately 75% of Medical Terms are based on either Greek or Latin

5. Objectives of Lecture 1 and 2 :
Apply basic principles of medical word building.
Correctly pronounce medical terms.
Define common medical terms.
To Practise.. Practise..Practise

6. Basic Principles/Elements of
Now, lets begin…….
Basic Principles/Elements of
Medical Word Building

7. 5 BASIC WORD PARTS - ELEMENTS
Root word
Suffix
Prefixes
Combining form/Combining vowel

8. Forming Medical Terms Forming Medical Terms Medical Term Word root
Suffix
Prefix
Combining forms

9. Forming Medical Terms Part 2
Medical terms are formed from two or more word parts.
Suffix
Word parts attached to the end of a word that modifies the meaning.
Prefix
Word parts attached to the beginning of a word that modifies the meaning.
Word root
The main part of a word which contains the basic meaning.
Combining forms
The word root and a combining vowel that enable two parts to be connected.

10. 1. Word Roots (WR) Frequently indicates a body part
Most medical terms have one or more word roots

11. 2. Word Root Main part or foundation of a word.
All words have at least one word root.
A word root may be used alone or combined with other elements to form a complete word.
IE: SPEAK (word root) + ER (suffix) = SPEAKER (complete word)

12. 3. Examples of Word Roots

13. By understanding the meanings of word roots, one can determine the meaning of complex medical terms by putting together the smaller parts.
Leukocytopenia
Word Roots: Leuk / (white)
cyt / (cell)
Combining Vowel / o /
Suffix: / penia (decrease)
So what does it Mean ?

14. 1. Suffixes
Word Ending
Suffix usually indicates a procedure, condition, disease, or denotes part of speech of the medical term (noun, verb, adjective)
Adjective terminals (pertaining to)    Noun Terminals
-ic                                       -y
-al                                      -ia
-ical                                    -um
-ac                                      is

15. All medical words have suffixes.
A suffix is added to the END of a word root or combining form to modify its meaning.
By adding a suffix to the end of a word root, we create a noun or adjective with a different meaning.
All medical words have suffixes.
Examples:
-itis -ic
-logy -lysis

16. 3. Examples of Suffixes
Arthr/o -centesis Arthrocentesis joint puncture puncture of a joint
throac/o -tomy Thoracotomy chest incision incision of the chest
gastr/o -megaly Gastromegaly stomach enlargement enlargement of the stomach

17. 1. Combining vowels and forms
A vowel that links two word parts together
Usually an ‘o’
Has no meaning of it’s own
Combining Form – root word plus a combining vowel
Examples:
Hemat/o –
Cardi/o –
Gastr/o –
Oste/o –

18. 2. Combining vowels and forms
Correct pronunciation of medical words is important.
In order to make the pronunciation of word roots easier, sometimes it is necessary to insert a vowel after the root.
The combination of a word root and a vowel is known as a COMBINING FORM.

19. 3. RULES FOR USING COMBINING VOWELS
When the ending of the root word and the beginning of the suffix are both consonants, use a combining vowel.
Example – hemat/o/logy
When the ending of the root word is a consonant, and the beginning of the suffix is a vowel, do not use a combining vowel.
Example – gastr/itis

20. 3. RULES FOR USING COMBINING VOWELS
3. A combining vowel is always used when two root words are joined.
Example – cardi/o/thorac/ic
4. A prefix does not require a combining
vowel
Example – epi/gastr/ic

21. 4. Combining Forms Examples
Cardi/ + o = cardi/o heart
gastr/ + o = gastr/o stomach
hepat/ + o = hepat/o liver
nephr/ + o = nephr/o kidney
oste/ + o = oste/o bone

22. PREFIXES Word beginning;
Indicates size, quantity, position of, and location.
Not all medical words have prefixes.
Examples:
Hyper- (excessive)
Pre (before)
Post (after)
Homo- (same)
Hypo (under)
Prefix
Word Root
Suffix

23. TAKING TERMS APART - Systematic
Determine a medical word’s meaning by looking at the component pieces.
Start at the suffix (all medical terms will have one).
Identify if there is a prefix (not all medical terms will have one).
Locate the root words (there may be more than one).
Identify the meaning of each word part as you separate them.

24. SPELLING In medicine, spelling is critical!!!
One wrong letter could mean an entirely different place on the body or test to be performed
Examples – ilium and ileum, PAC and PVC, etc…

25. “The patient was to have a cholecystectomy NOT
a colectomy!!”
What was really done with the patient?

26. Medical Dictionary Use
Look Up Unfamiliar Terms

27. Medical Dictionary Use
Look Up familiar Terms
CARDIECTOMY
(cardi=heart, ectomy=surgical removal of all or part of)
Therefore, one might reasonably (but inaccurately) assume that cardiectomy means surgical removal of all or part of the heart.  To quote one authoritative source, cardiectomy means "surgical removal of the upper end of the stomach.)
NOTE:  The meaning of this medical term was probably derived from the fact that the upper end of the stomach is the cardiac end or the end toward the heart.  In any case, it clearly emphasizes the importance of referring to an authoritative medical dictionary rather than accepting the literal interpretation of a medical term.

28. Medical Terminology Mispronunciations - to pronounce incorrectly
Artery - The study of fine paintings.
Barium - What you do when CPR fails.
Benign - What you are after you be eight.
Coma - A punctuation mark.
Morbid - A higher offer.
Urine - opposite of you’re out.
Tablet - A small table.

29. Bring examples of medical terms: Break them down into elements
END OF LECTURE 1
LECTURE 2:
Bring examples of medical terms:
Break them down into elements
2. Name the elements
3. Meaning of the word

30. Medical Terminology - Quiz

31. Apply Your Knowledge Apply Your Knowledge
Using various word parts, build terms for the following meanings.
Meaning
Term
Absence of blood
Bluish color of hands and feet
Equal vision in both eyes.
Fast heart.
Breakdown of sugar.
anemia
cyanosis
isopia
tachycardia
glycolysis

32. Apply Your Knowledge Part 2
Using various word parts, build terms for the following meanings.
Meaning
Term
Lack of white blood cells.
Softening of bone.
Inflammation of a vein.
Nerve pain.
Science of skin and its diseases.
leukopenia
osteomalacia
phlebitis
neuralgia
dermatology

33. When a word has more than one root, a combining vowel is used to link the root to each other.
IE: osteoarthritis oste/ o / arthr/ itis

34. This is to make pronunciation easier. Word root: scler / (hardening)
A combining vowel is used between a word root and a suffix that begins with a consonant (not a vowel).
This is to make pronunciation easier.
Word root: scler / (hardening)
Suffix: / derma (skin)
Term: Scler / o / derma (hardening of the skin)
Combining vowel

35. The suffixes
-scope (instrument to view)
-rrhexis (rupture)
-rrhea (flow or discharge)
all begin with a consonant, therefore a combining vowel must be used between the word root and the suffix.

36. The suffixes
-algia (pain)
-edema (swelling)
-uria (urine, urination)
These suffixes begin with a vowel, therefore a combining vowel is NOT used between the word root and the suffix.

37. Hypoinsulinemia Hypo / insulin / emia
Notice that there is no combining vowel in this word because the prefix ends with a vowel and the suffix begins with a vowel.
Prefix
suffix
Word root
BLOOD
LOW
INSULIN

38. Derivation of Medical Terminology
The study of the origin of words is called etymology.
Many medical terms used today are based on Ancient Greek and Latin.
Word building became and remains the primary way to describe new medical discoveries.

39. Pluralizing Terms Pluralizing Terms Rules
Add s to words ending in any vowel or consonant except s,x,z, or y (ex. joint- joints)
Add es to words ending in s,x, or z (ex. reflex - reflexes)

40. Pluralizing Terms Rules Cont’d
Remove x and add `ces to Latin words ending in x (ex. appendix - appendices)
Remove the `y and add `ies to words ending in `y preceded by a consonant (ex. mastectomy- mastectomies)

41. Pluralizing Terms Rules Cont’d
Remove `us and add `i to Latin words ending in us (ex. bacillus- bacilli)
Change `sis to `ses in Greek words ending in sis (ex. psychosis - psychoses)

42. Prefixes (a–aut) Prefixes Prefix Meaning a ab ambi ana ante anti
without
away from
both, around
up, toward
before
against
self

43. Prefixes (brachy–hypo)
Meaning
brachy
brady
contra
dys
hemi
hyper
hypo
short
slow
against
abnormal; difficult
half
above normal
below normal

44. Prefixes (inter–peri)
Meaning
Prefix
inter
iso
mal
meta
micr(o)
olig(o)
peri
between
equal; same
bad; inadequate
after
small
few; little; scanty
around; about; near

45. Prefixes (pro–un) Prefixes Prefix Meaning pro re retro semi supra
tachy un
before; forward
again; backward
behind; backward
half
above; over
fast
not

46. Suffixes (ad–crine) Suffixes Suffix Meaning -ad -algia -asthenia
-blast
-cidal
-clast
-crine
toward
pain
weakness
immature; forming
destroying; killing
breaking
secreting

47. Suffixes (crit–ectomy)
Meaning
-crit
-cyte
-cytosis
-derma
-dynia
-ectasis
-ectomy
separate
cell
condition of cells
skin
pain
expanding; dilating
removal of

48. Suffixes (emesis–graphy)
Meaning
-emesis
-emia
-esthesia
-globin
-gram
-graph
-graphy
vomiting
blood
sensation
protein
a recording
recording instrument
process of recording

49. Suffixes (ic–malacia)
Meaning
-ic
-ism
-itis
-kinesia
-logist
-lysis
-malacia
pertaining to
condition; disease
inflammation
movement
one who practices
destruction of
softening

50. Suffixes (mania-pathy)
Meaning
-mania
-megaly
-oid
-opia
-ostomy
-para
-pathy
obsession
enlargement
like; resembling
vision
opening
bearing
disease

51. Suffixes (penia-phrenia)
Meaning
-penia
-pepsia
-pexy
-phage
-phobia
-phonia
-phrenia
deficiency
digestion
fixation
eating; devouring
fear
sound
of the mind

52. Suffixes (phylaxis-rrhaphy)
Meaning
-phylaxis
-plasty
-plegia
-pnea
-ptosis
-rrhagia
-rrhaphy
protection
surgical repair
paralysis
breath
falling down; drooping
heavy discharge
surgical suturing

53. Suffixes (rrhexis-tropia)
Meaning
-rrhexis
-spasm
-stasis
-stenosis
-tomy
-trophy
-tropia
rupture
contraction
stopping; constant
narrowing
cutting operation
nutrition
turning