1. 111. tknOlOjI dy mhwn kdm, ishq qy dvweIAW 111.1. drd qy soijS dw ielwz Mo mOrPIn U1800 c drd htwaux leI APIm qoN mOrPIn bxweI geI[ 1920 c hMgrI dy hkIm jons kwby ny mOrPIn KsKs dI fofI qoN ielwvw KsKs dy suky buty coN inkwl idqI[ 1923 c ies dI rswiexk bxqr qy Aml l~gx qy swh rokx krky mOrPIn bxwx dy hor qrIky l`By gey[ 1961 c nYlorPIn nYlozon nvIAW dvweIAW bxweIAW geIAW] AYsprIn 1890 c sYlIislk AYisf joVW qy hor drd leI ssqI dvweI sI, jrmnI dI byAr kMpnI dy PIilks hOPmYn ny AYsprIn iqAwr kIqI qy hkIm hInirc frYsr ny tYst kIqI[pr ies nwl idl k~cw qy pyt drd BI ho skdw sI[ 1899 ies dIAW golIAW bx ky 1900 c ivkx lgIAW[ AYsrIn ivc sYlIislk AYisf vwly nuks nhI sn[ A~j BI EhI hY[ 1980 q~k AYsprIn Awm isr drd leI vrqI geI, iPr ies dw idl dw AtYk rokx dw gux pqw l~igAw] kOortIzon 1940 AYfrInl kOrtYks hwrmon (stIroAwief) c sojS htwx dy gux l~By[ 1948 c AmrIkn luies hysitMg swrYt ny kOrtIzon bxw leI[ Agly swl ieh joVW dy drd htwx leI imlx l~gI[ iPr ies dy AOgx pqw l~gy, pr ieh dmy qy Al~rjI leI vrqI jwdI hY[ hux prYfnIzon, prYfnIsolon qy dYkswmYTwzon hn ijnW dy AOgx G~t hn qy soijS leI vrqy jWdy hn] AYsIitl-sYlIislk AYisf hMgrI dy hkIm jons kwby luies hysitMg swrYt joVW dy drd dy kz

2. 111. tknOlOjI dy mhwn kdm, ishq qy dvweIAW 111.2. idmwgI nuks leI dvweIAW klorprOmwzIn 1954 c klorprOmwzIn (QorwzIn, ihbrnl) idmwgI ASwqI lI vrqI geI, ieh pihlW Al~rjI leI sI[ ieh idmwgI nuksW dy ielwj dw SurU sI[ pihlW ibjlI lwauxI, iensUlIn Swk, idmwg dy AprySn dI QW klorprOmwzIn ny ky hspwl c rYhx dI loV GtweI[ jwxkwrI imlx nwl ikvyN klorprOmwzIn Asr krdI hY, nvIAW dvweIAW hYlopYrIfol qy ElwnzwpIn bxIAW] trweIsweIkilk AYntIifprYsYnts 1958 c idmwgI nuks leI dvweI iemIprwmIn c ASwqI rok gux imly[ ieh idmwgI isgnlW qy Asr krdI hY[ ies iksm dIAW dvweIAW trweIsweIkilk AYntIifprYsYnts idmwgI nuks qy ASwqI dy ielwj leI Awm vrqoN c hn] bYnzufwieAwXYpInz 1959 c bYnzufwieAwXYpInz ASwqI leI nvI dvweI klorfwieAwXypoXweIf (ilbrIAm) bxI[ ies qoN bxIAW dvweIAW ny 1950 c bxIAW bwribcueyts qy mYprobwmyt dI vrqoN htw idqI[ ieh dvweIAW ihpnOitk eyjYnts, msl rlYksYts qy imrgI leI BI vrqIAW jwdIAW hn] idmwgI ASwqI b~cw hon bwd iPlm v~n PlU Evr kUkUz nYst (1975) idmwgI ibmwrI dy bury Asr idKwey gey idmwg c inaUrotrwnsimtrz

3. 111. tknOlOjI dy mhwn kdm, ishq qy dvweIAW 111.3. hwrmon qy hwrmon rYgulytrz iensUiln iensUiln pYkirAwz c bxdI hY qy KUn c SUgr siQr r~KdI hY[ iensUimn dI Gwt kwrn pihlI iksm dI SUgr ho jwdI hY jo 1920 q~k jwn lyvw sI[ 1921 c kYnyfw dy PrYfirk bYnitg qy cwrlz bYst ny gaU pYnkirAwz coN iensUiln inkwlI[ ies nwl 14 swl dy b~cy dI jwn bcweI[ 1922 c eI AweI illI kMpnI ny pSU pYnkirAwz qoN iensUlIn bxw ky vycI[ 1982 c rIkMmbInYt fI Ayn eY nwl iensUiln bxweI geI] tYstostIron tYstostIron nwl ilg qy mrd icMn bxdy hn[ ieh klYstrOl ijhw stIrOf hwrmon hY[ 1935 c klYstrOl qoN tYstostIron bixAW ijs nwl hwrmon Gwt dUr hudI hY[ tYstostIron rswiexk qy Kws iktwxUAW qoN bxdI hY] projYsitnz, AYstroijnz qy Erl kntrwsYpitvz 1930 c do jnwnw hwrmon grBvqI GoVI dy ipSwb qy mYksIkn svIt rUt qoN inkwly gey[ projYsitnz (projYstron, lutIAl hwrmon) grB brkrwr qy AYstroijnz mYniss brkrwr r~Kx leI swbq hoey[ 1950 c ieh hwrmon bxwey gey qy prYgnYnsI qy knsYpSn leI dyKy gey[ ienW nwl jnwnw grB rok golIAW bxIAW[ 1960 c eInoivf (AYstroijnz + progYsitnz) AmrIkw c kwmXwb grB rok swbq hoeI] 111.4. pyt-AMqVIAW dI dvweIAW Alsr dy ielwj 1972 c skwitS hkIm jymz blYk qy swQIAW ny simQ klweIn qy PrYnc kMpnI c pyt c izAwdw Ktws dI ividAW dI jwnkwrI idqI[ ies ivigAwn nUM “rYSnl frug idzweIn” ikhw jWdw hY[ 1976 c sImYtwfIn (tYgwmYt) jo pyt dI iKtws rokdI qy pyt dy Alsr rokdI hY, ieh dvweI dI Awm vrqoN ny pyt srjrI dI loV Gtw idqI] PrYfirk bYnitg qy cwrlz bYst

4. 111. tknOlOjI dy mhwn kdm, ishq qy dvweIAW 111.5. fwktrI tYst qy ibmwrI jWc fwktrI iemyijMg ivigAwn AYksry qy AYm Awr AweI (mYgnYitk rYzonYs iemyijMg) skYnr krWqIkwrI mSInw A~j Awm fwktrI jWc qy ielwj leI vrqy jWdy hn[ 1895 c ivlhYlm kOnrYf roentjn qy Ayksry dI Koj kIqI qy ApxI pqnI dy h~Q dw prCWvw idKwieAw[ 1900 c hr hspqwl c AYksry mSIn sI[ 1970 c AYm Awr AweI rswiexk bxqr jWc leI vrqI geI, 1985 c ieh ienswnI vrqoN leI mnzUr ho geI[ rswiexk kntrwst qy spYSl iPlm Gol nwl Ayksry, sI tI skYn, AYm Awr AweI qy Alrtw swaUf nwl ibmwrI jWc bhuq A~CI ho geI hY] fwktrI Awsotops 1943 c hMgrI dy jIAOrg hYvsy nMU nobl ienwm imilAw fwktrI AwsotopW nwl AMdrUnI AMgW dy kMm krn dy qwrIky jwxy jWdy hn[ 1935 c hyvsy ny POsPor dw mYtwbOilzm ryifE Awsotops nwl jwixAW[ DwqW ryfIE Awsopop nwl lybl kIqIAw jwdIAW hn, ijvy tYknIsIAm-99AYm qy QYlIAm-201 XW ryifE Epyk byrIAm qy AweIEfIn[ ryfIE lybl DwqW gYmw-jWc kYmry nwl srIr dy AMdr dI Poto leI jWdI hY[ ies qrW AMdrUnI PoVy, ilvr nuks qy idl dw shI kMm krnw dyiKAw jWdw hY] Rswiexk mwqrw jWc fwktrI ishq jWc KUn, ipSwb, t~tI, Quk qy psIny c rswiexk mwqrw jwnx nwl hudI hY[rswiexk rIAkSn mSInw, kmpUtrW Xw Gr c kIqI jw skdI hY[ 1900 dy SurU c mrIz dI hwlq dyK ky ibmwrI dw AMdwjw lwaudy sn[ jy dvweI nwl mrIz Tyk hudw aus nwl ibmwrI d~sI jwdI[ 1882 c pwl AYhrilc ny tweIPweIf dy jrm jo rMgy jw skdy hn, qW iehI ibmwrI sI[ ies qo pihlW mrIz dy rMg qo ibmwrI d~sI jwdI sI] Kud syhq jwc krnw Gr c tYst-ikt nwl Kud syhq jWc SurU hoeI[ iek smy SUgr dy mrIz hspqwl jw ky pSwb c SUgr cYk krWdy[ 1941 c mweIlz lYb ny Gr SUgr tYst ikt bxweI[ 1956 c pSwb c p~qrw pw ky ieh tYst jox l~gw] 1960 cukvW KUn glUkos mItr rswiexk sIKW nwl fwieAwbYitk mrIzW dy hwlwq suDry[ imz roientjn dy h~Q h~fIAW dw prCWvw

5. 111. tknOlOjI dy mhwn kdm, ishq qy dvweIAW 111.6. ienPYkSn-rok dvweIAW Slvwrsn qy prOntoisl 1909 c jrmn pwl AYhrilc AwrsYink dIAW bYktIrIAw nwS gux dyK ky slvwrsn nwl jwn lyvw isPls dw ielwz jIqw[ ies FMg nwl hor icigAwnkW ny ienPYkSn dy ielwz l~By[ 1932 pihlI slPw dvweI prOntoisl (slPwinlAmweIf) jo k~pVw rMgx dy kMm AwaudI sI, nmonIAW krn vwly strYptokOkl bYktIrIAw dw ielwz l~iBAw[ ies Koj kwrn jrmn jYrlf domYgk nUM 1939 c nobl ienwm imilAw[ ies qo 1938 c sulPwpwierwfIn bxI[ 1940 c slPw dvweIAW nwl kroVW lokW dI nmonIAW no jwn bcI[ pYnslIn inkln slPw dvweIAW dI jsUrq G~t geI] pYnslIn 1928 c AlYgzYnfr PlYimMg ny aulI (pYnysIlIAm notytum) coN bYktIrIAw nwSk pYnsIiln inkwlI[ 1943 c bhuq pYnsiln bxI ijs ny dUsrI mhwn jMg c AmrIkn qy brqwnIAW dy P~tV ispwhIAW dI jwn bcweI[ pYnsiln mihgI hon kwrn mrIz ispwhIAW dy pSwb co BI inkwlI geI] 1945 ku c brqwnIAW dI fOrQI kroPut hwjikn ny ies dI bxqr jWc ky ieh bxw leI[ ies nwl nvIn bYktIrIAw mwr ielwz dw zmwnw SurU hoieAw] XIfovUfIn (ey XI tI) XIfovUfIn (ey XI tI) 1987 c ienswnI ieiminE-fYPISYnsI vwiers (AYc AweI vI) dy ielwz leI AmrIkw c mnzUr hoeI[ 1964 c ieh bxweI geI pr kImo ielwz leI nwkwm rhI [ 1986 c ieh AmrIkw c ieh rYtro vwiers leI TIk swbq hoeI[ ies iksm dIAW dvweIAw vwiers dy AYnzweImW nUM Kqm krdIAW hn[ AYc AweI vI leI iek dvweI Asr krnw ruk jwdI hY, ies leI iek dvweI nwl ies dw ielwz nhI hudw] prOntoisl pYnysIlIAm notytum XIfovUfIn AlYgzYfr PlYimMg jYrlf domYgk strYptokOks bYktIrIAw XIfovUfIn kirstlz

6. 111. tknOlOjI dy mhwn kdm, ishq qy dvweIAW 111.7. idl dIAW ibmwrIAW dy ielwj idl DVkn shI r~Kxw 1930 c prokyn ijs nwl idl dI DVkn shI hudI hY dI Koj hoeI[prokyn nUM mnzUrI imlI ikau ik idl gMBIr mwmlw hY[ prokyn sofIAm cYnl protIn nUM rok lwaudI hY[ ies qoN bwd bItw blOkr, potYSIAm Xw kYlSIAm AYntwgoinst hor dvweIaW bxIAW] idl Pyl hox qoN ielwj ifjItYils glweIkosweIf sdIAW qoN jo keI bUitAW coN imldw jY, idl Pyl hox qo vriqAw jwdw hY[ rIsrc ny l~iBAw ieh ikvy idl dI sMugVnw (kntrYkSn) vdwaudw hY[ 1954 c fweIgOksn jo grySIAn POkslv (ifjItYils lYntw) dy p~iqAW c hY, AwrtIrIAl iPbrlySn qy knjYsitv idl Pyl dy bcw leI hY[ bl~f prYSr rokx vwlIAW dvweIAW idl Pyl dw ielwj krdIAW hn]. bl~f klwt qoVnw 1935 c hYpirn jo pSU ilvr coN inkwlI geI, bl~f klwt rokx leI vrqI geI, ieh KUn pqlw krn vwlI swbq hoeI[ ieh idl Xw ArtIrIAl srjrI c vrqI jWdI[ 1955 c vwrPwirn (kumwifn) idmwg qy idl dy dOry c klwt qoVn leI mnzUr ho geI[ 1970 pqw l~igAw ik bxy klwt BI qoVy jw skdy hn[ AYnXweImz nwl klwt qoVn leI 1977 c XUrokweInyz, 1978 c strYptokweInyz qy jnYtIklI ienjnIArf rIkmbInYt itSU plwzimnojn AYktIvytr, tI pI ey (1987)] KUn c klYstrol G~t krnw AwrtrIAW c klYstrOl jmW (AwrtIrIEsklYroiss) jo ky kOronrI idl dI ibmwrI qy strok hox dw muK kwrn hn[ 1987 c lovwstYitn (mYvwkor) klYstrOl bnx nUM rokdI hYY, ies dw Kws jrUrI AYnXweIm-rok ky mYvwlonyt nUM bnx qoN rok ky Asr krdI hY[ iPr ismvwstYitn qy AYtrovwstYitn KUn c klYstrOl G~t krdIAw qy ieh ijAwdw Asr qy sUt krdIAW hn] AwrtIirEsklYroiss

7. 111. tknOlOjI dy mhwn kdm, ishq qy dvweIAW 111.8. kYnsr kImoN ielwj kYnsr kImoN ielwj c vwDw 1942 c LUAs gufmYn qy AYlfrf iglmYn ny nweItrojn mstrfz rswiexW nwl kYnsr (kYnsr kImo ielwz) rokxW SurU kIqw[ dvweIAW jo Poilk AYsf nUM rokdIAW (AYntImYtwbolweIts) SurU kIqIAW[ 1947 c AmInoptYirn KUn dy kYnsr ielwz leI sI, pr ies dy bury Asr kwrn mYQotrYkseyt ny ies dI QW leI[ 1950 c jOrj ihicMgz qy cwrlz hweIflbrgr ny AyntImYtwboilitk mrkYptopUrIn KUn dy kYnsr leI qy PloroXUrwisl pyt qy CwqI kYnsr dy ielwz leI bxweIAW] sweItotOkisk dvweIAW sweItotOkisk dvweIAW (sYlW leI zYhrIlIAW) 1963 c bUitAW coN inkwl ky kImo ielwz SurU hoieAw[ CyqI vDdy kYnsr sYl ienW nwl mr jwxgy ienW dw isDWq hY[ 1970 c pYrIivMkl bUty qoN ivnkw APIm (ivnkirstIn qy ivnblwstIn) myAYYpl qoN pofwPwlotOkisn bxwey[ 1971 c tYksOl pYsiPk XaU qoN bixAW qy 1990 c vDI CwqI qy PyPiVAW dI kYnsr ielwz leI vrqI geI] tmOksIiPn tmOksIiPn snQYitk 1971 c bxI qy 1977 c AYstrojn nwl bxI CwqI dI kYnsr leI vrqI geI[ izAwdw AYstrojn kYnsr CyqI vdwaudI hY[ mYMygwstIrOl bxwieAW hoieAw srIrk projYstrOn vrgw hY qy CwqI dy kYnsr rokx leI vrqI jwdI hY] CwqI dI kYnsr dw mYmogrwP Awp cYk krky kYnsr dw CyqI pqw l~gdw hY

8. 111. tknOlOjI dy mhwn kdm, ishq qy dvweIAW 111.9. nvIn ishq r~iKAk swmwn bxwey hoey AMg qy AOzwr rswiex nwl bxwey hoey l~qW, bwhW, AMg, joV, kntYkt lYnS, suxn vwlIAW mSInw Awid Kws plwsitk qy nvIn mwl qoN bxy[ rswiexk bxqr bdl ky fwktrI swmwn sKq, muV jwn vwlw qy v~D imAwd vwlw rswiexkW qy ienjnIArW ny bxwieAw[ 1945 c bxweI hoey gurdy, 1950 c idl dw vwlv, 1982 c idl[ plwsitk kntYkt lYnz 1956 c qy ieh 1985 bweI-Pokwl bxy] MfwktrI jMqr rRswiex ny A~j dy swry plwsitk qy vweInl dy hspqwl dy AOjwr qy jMqr bxwey[ A~j ieh swmwn swP, stYrweIl qy iktwxU mukq hY[ nvIn mrz jwc swmwn, stYQoskop, p~tIAW, sirMjW, cIr-PwV jMqr, KUn QYly, rswiex nwl bxy[ fweIprW c BI isl cukx vwlw pOlImr hY jo nwzk cmVI nUM soijS qo bcwdw hY] ifsienPYktYnts qy blIc rswiex kwrn Gr swP qy jrm rihq hn, aulI mwrI jwdI hY, dwg lwhy jwdy hn[ 1900 c bYktIrIAw mwrn, k~pVw sPweI qy Gr sPweI dw swmwn bixAw[ 1913 ssqw blIc bixAw jo A~j BI kroVW kItwxU mwrn dy kMm AWdw hY[ klorIn vwiers qy bYktIrIAw GrW, hspqwlW qy iemwrqW c mwrn leI vrqI jwdI hY[ 1987 c hMgrI dy sYimlvIs ny klorIn dy pwnI nwl h~Q swP SurU krwey] bxwieAw idl bxwieAw idl vwlv