1. NPOESS Program Overview HDF Workshop IX, December 2005 Alan M. Goldberg agoldber@mitre.org

2. Outline  Program overview  Mission data processing and external interfaces  Recent changes  Status This presentation is drawn from published materials by the program and others.

3. Source: PolarMax NPOESS System Overview, NGST & Raytheon, 27 Oct 20053 We’re going a long way … The Historical Context First Image from TIROS-1 EOS-Aqua MODIS Image-250 m Saharan Dust off the Canary Islands 18 February 2004

4. Source: PolarMax NPOESS System Overview, NGST & Raytheon, 27 Oct 20054 Provide a national, operational, polar-orbiting remote-sensing capability Provide a national, operational, polar-orbiting remote-sensing capability Achieve National Performance Review (NPR) savings by converging DoD and NOAA satellite programs Achieve National Performance Review (NPR) savings by converging DoD and NOAA satellite programs Incorporate new technologies from NASA Incorporate new technologies from NASA Encourage international cooperation Encourage international cooperation METOP NPOESS Specialized Satellites Local Equatorial Crossing Time 1730 1330 2130 NPOESS NPOESS Mission Tri-agency Effort to Leverage and Combine Environmental Satellite Activities

5. Source: PolarMax NPOESS System Overview, NGST & Raytheon, 27 Oct 20055 DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program) EOS (Earth Observing System) NPOESS (National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System) Sensor data rate: 1.5 Mbps Data latency: 100-150 min. 1.7 Gigabytes per day (DMSP) 6.3 Gigabytes per day (POES) 15 Mbps sensor data rate Data latency: 100-180 min. Data availability: 98% Ground revisit time: 12 hrs. 2.6 Terabytes per day (EOS) 2.4 Terabytes per day (NPP) 20 Mbps sensor data rate Data latency: 28 min. Data availability: 99.95% Autonomy capability: 60 days Ground revisit time: 4-6 hrs 8.1 Terabytes per day POES (Polar Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellites) NPP (NPOESS Preparatory Project) 1960 - 2010 2000 - 20102010 – 2020+ NPOESS satisfies evolutionary program needs with enhanced capabilities The Evolution to NPOESS

6. NPOESS Management and Requirements Structures Executive Committee System Program Director Associate Director for Acquisition Associate Director for Technology Transition Associate Director for Operations Joint Agency Requirements Council (JARC) Vice Chairman JCS NOAA DUS Commerce For Oceans and Atmosphere NASA Associate Administrator for Earth Science Senior Users Advisory Group (SUAG) Chair Rotated Every 2 Years Reps: DoD, NOAA, & NASA Joint Agency Requirements Group (JARG) Integrated Program Office Under Secretary for Oceans & Atmosphere Under Secretary of the Air Force Deputy Administrator User Community and Stakeholders Define Requirements Under Secretary of the Air Force replaced Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology & Logistics

7. Source: PolarMax NPOESS System Overview, NGST & Raytheon, 27 Oct 20057 NPOESS Architecture SD S NESDISAFWAFNMOCNAVO C3 Segment Field Terminal Segment GPS Svalbard Primary T&C NPP SMD Svalbard Primary T&C NPP SMD TDRSS Launch Support Segment Launch Support Segment MMC at Suitland Flight Operations Team Enterprise Management Mission Management Satellite Operations Data Monitoring & Recovery White Sands Complex LEO&A Backup T&C White Sands Complex LEO&A Backup T&C A-DCS SARSAT HRD Field Terminal HRD Field Terminal LRD Field Terminal LRD Field Terminal Schriever MMC Contingency Operations Team Data Handling Nodes reside at each Central 15 Globally Distributed Receptor Sites Interconnected by Commercial Fiber NPOESS Stored Mission Data Command and Telemetry Interface Data Processing Segment One full set resides in each of the 4 Centrals Data Mgt Infra Ingest Process Data Del TM LTA TDRSS NPP Stored Mission Data Data Mgt Infra Ingest Process Data Del Data Mgt Infra Ingest Process Data Del Data Mgt Infra Ingest Process Data Del Offline Support NPP 2230 213013301730 NPOESS Satellites Residuals Space Segment DQM

8. Source: PolarMax NPOESS System Overview, NGST & Raytheon, 27 Oct 20058 4. Process Raw data into EDRs and Deliver to Centrals Full IDP Capability at each Central NESDIS, AFWA, FNMOC, NAVO Monitor and Control Satellites and Ground Elements MMC (Suitland) Schriever MMC NPOESS Concept of Operations 1. Sense Phenomena TOBSTOBS LATMLATM LCLLCL FO G LRNLRN T AT M T SK Y eijeij 2. Downlink Raw Data Field Terminals SafetyNet TM Receptors Ka-band X and L bands 3. Transport Data to Centrals for Processing Global fiber network connects 15 receptors to Centrals

10. Source: PolarMax NPOESS System Overview, NGST & Raytheon, 27 Oct 200510 NPOESS Performance System Requirement Categories Data Quality (EDR Attributes) Data Latency Data Availability Operational Availability SMD/HRD Interoperability Data Access (and Autonomy) SARSAT and A-DCS Endurance/Survivability LRD SMD, 95% HRD/LRD Performance vs. Specification Comply Exceed 10 years life 95%@90 min100%@15 28 min 10 min 15 min 99.95% 100% 99% 94.3% 95% 93% Comply 36 attributes above, 557 at, 20 below spec 206 attributes above, 799 at, 49 below spec 77% SMD, 15 min 15 min 21.2 min 87.9% 99.99% 95.6% Non-EDR System Requirements 760 requirements at or above, 10 below spec TRD ThresholdTRD Objective Spec

11. Source: PolarMax NPOESS System Overview, NGST & Raytheon, 27 Oct 200511 NPOESS Spacecraft Spacecraft designed for earth observation missions Large nadir platform for maximum payload accommodation in EELV Supports AM and PM missions (all LTAN capability) Optical bench stability Thermally optimized for science payloads Highly modular design facilitates rapid launch call-up objective Overall Greater than 7-year life Robust propulsion system accommodates end of life controlled de-orbit Leverages EOS heritage and experience Multi-orbit configurable solar array Adjustable cant angle for multiple nodal crossings Array capability: 7.3kW 1330 satellite shown Plug and play avionics architecture Advanced 32-bit architecture Accommodates 1553, 1394, and unique sensor interfaces Accommodates CCSDS On-board payload data encryption Autonomous capability satisfies NPOESS mission requirements

12. Source: PolarMax NPOESS System Overview, NGST & Raytheon, 27 Oct 200512 NPOESS Payload Manifest Single satellite design with common sensor locations VIIRS CrIS ATMS CMIS OMPS Surv Sensor SESS/ AURORA A-DCS SARR/SARP CERES/ ERBS APS (not on contract) VIIRS CrIS ATMS CMIS Surv Sensor ALT A-DCS SARR/SARP TSIS VIIRS CMIS Surv Sensor SARR/SARP 1330 vehicle1730 vehicle2130 vehicle SESS/ AURORA SESS/ AURORA OLI (not on contract) NPOESS 1330 Configuration

13. Coincident Advanced Sensors Provide Synergy Multispectral Imagery From VIRRS… …combined with ATMS/CMIS Microwave EDRs… …and Altimeter-Derived Ocean Heat Content… NPOESS … Supports Improved Tropical Cyclone Forecast Accuracy & Reduced Impact on Maritime Resources

15. Source: PolarMax NPOESS System Overview, NGST & Raytheon, 27 Oct 200515 Interface Data Processing Segment (IDPS) & Field Terminal Segment (FTS) SS LSS C3S IDPS Interface Data Processing Segment Ingest pre-processed SMD Process RDRs, SDRs, EDRs Perform data quality monitoring Provide data to Centrals Provide data records to LTA Data Processing Software Mission Data, Ancillary Data, Products Field Terminal Segment Ingest LRD/HRD data streams Process RDRs, SDRs, EDRs NPOESS-provided software HRD, LRD Ancillary Data FTS Key Architecture Features: Distributed IDP deployment at centrals Symmetric processor architecture Granule size optimization Load balancing fault management Complete ancillary data via HRD link DoD 8500 compliant central interface Meets interoperability standards (JTA, DII-COE)

16. Source: PolarMax NPOESS System Overview, NGST & Raytheon, 27 Oct 200516 IDPS Architecture Data Delivery Subsystem Data Formatting Production Scheduling and Control Infrastructure Subsystem Data Management Subsystem On-Line Data Storage Processing Subsystem SDR/TDR Generation EDR Generation Ingest Subsystem Sensor Data Ancillary Data Auxiliary Data Central Systems Long Term Archive Science Data Segment Command, Control, and Communications Segment Stored Mission Data Raw Data Records Data Records Sensor/Temp Data Records Raw Data Records Environmental Data Records Formatted Data Products IDP Operator Data Quality Monitoring Subsystem GIS Based Visualization and Analysis Toolkit Data Quality Engineer Formatted Data Products

17. Source: PolarMax NPOESS System Overview, NGST & Raytheon, 27 Oct 200517 FTS Architecture Field Terminal Segment External Mission Support Data Server * Ancillary Data TLE Other support data * Note: User-defined data source SPE-DPE Interface Streaming APs DPE Software (provided by NPOESS) - ING, PRO, INF, DMS, DDS Data Processor Element DPE Hardware (provided by vendor) - Processing - Storage > Mission Data > Mission Support Data > Static Data FT Operator Mission Application Element User-defined HDF Product Display Provides user requests for desired products FT Operator or User FT-MSDS Interface (Optional) DPE-MAE Interface Product requests & HDF files Satellite Down Link Field Terminal Data Flow Optional FT Data Flow NPOESS Developed NPOESS Defined Optional FT Interfaces FT Interfaces Satellite - SPE Interface Legend Mission and Ancillary Data (HRD/LRD Downlink) Satellite-SPE Interface Signal Processing Element Antenna / RF Processing GPS and Timing Satellite Scheduler CCSDS Processing - Mission Data - Mission Support Data - Satellite Pass Storage - TLE Extraction Decryption FT Operator NPOESS / NPP Satellites

18. © 2005 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved NPOESS Products Delivered at Multiple Levels Source: Goldberg, AGU Fall Meeting 2005

19. © 2005 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved Resulting design n Disadvantages –Inconsistent with heritage operational formats (GRIB, BUFR) –Limited tools n Advantages –Flexible; Extensible; Allows compression –Accessed by API, not format –Arrays can be addressed either by granule or by file –Potentially self- documenting –Handles abstract data types and large files –BLOBs (e.g., raw data, external files) can be wrapped File File Metadata Arrays Granule Granule Metadata Arrays Granule Granule Metadata Arrays Granule Granule Metadata Source: Goldberg, AGU Fall Meeting 2005

20. Metadata Object Allocation to Product Documentation Any xDR Product File Metadata File unique metadata File common metadata pointers Granule Metadata XML Component File Metadata Granule Metadata Granule Details Data HDF Component NPOESS HANDBOOK (electronic edition) reference copy Source: Goldberg, HDF Workshop 2003

21. NPOESS e-Handbook Referenced Components NPOESS HANDBOOK (electronic edition) Other Descriptions Ancillary Data Descriptions Auxiliary Data Descriptions Environmental Model Descriptions EDR Processing Parameters Algorithm Description Sensor Descriptions T/SDR Processing Parameters Algorithm Description Platform Descriptions RDR Processing Parameters Comm Description Source: Goldberg, HDF Workshop 2003

22. Scheduled launch dates not changed Local Equatorial Crossing Time Deliveries 1330 0530 0730 - 1030 FY 1112131415161718030809100207040506192021 N’ N Earliest Availability C3 F20 F16 F17 F19 F18 C1 C4 C5 C6 WindSat/Coriolis DMSP METOP 1 2 3 EOS-Terra EOS-Aqua Earliest Need to back-up launch NPOESS POES Meteorological Satellite Transition As of: 2 May 05 Satellite launched POES 17 10 Year Mission Life Potential Coverage Gap C2 Scheduled launch dates changed Possible Launch Schedule NPP

23. 23 Source: Raytheon Supplier Conference, 10 May 2005 IDPS Development Timeline 2Q2006 1Q20042Q20043Q20044Q20041Q20052Q20053Q20054Q20051Q2006 3Q20064Q2006 1.3 Start BAR Prep 2/19/04 Design CUT Qual 1.3 FIRST CDW 8/25/04 End of CUT 2/25/05 Qual RFR Done 9/1/05 1.3 Last CDW 12/15/04 SWIC/Seg Int End of SWIC/ Seg Int Tests 6/13/05 WFM End of WFM CUT 3/22/05 1.4 CUT 1.4 SWIC 1.4 Design Qual Done 5/12/06 Integ- ration Done 3/17/06 End of CUT 1/11/06 CDW 9/14/05 BAR 6/22/05 1.4 Qual FAT Done 7/26/06 NESDIS SAT Done 9/29/06 AFWA SAT Done 11/15/06 N- SAT A- SAT NPOESS PDA 4/15/05 NESDIS HW Install 06/20/06 – 08/02/06 AFWA HW Install 07/03/06 – 10/03/06 Time Now

24. Joint NPOESS/NASA Risk Reduction and Data Continuity Mission VIIRS - Vis/IR Imager Radiometer Suite CrIS - Cross-track IR Sounder ATMS - Advanced Technology MW Sounder OMPS - Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite Provides lessons learned Ground system risk reduction – uses the NPOESS ground system NPOESS Preparatory Project (NPP) Source: IPO ADTT NPOESS Program Overview, 13 April 2005

25. NPP Continues Data Time Series Year Measurement System Conventional Operations EOS Technology Jump Research Quality Operations Source: IPO ADTT NPOESS Program Overview, 13 April 2005

26. Transition of Systematic Measurements (EOS  NPP  NPOESS) Measurements: Instruments: Algorithms: Processing: Archive & Distribution: Standards: 14/24 EOS Measurements VIIRS, CrIS, ATMS, OMPS, CERES EDRs IPO funded; Instrument/SSPR contractor teams with OAT oversight Level 1, selected CDRs NASA funded (via AO process) EDRsCDRs IDPS (IPO)SDS (NASA) Mid Term: NOAA Long Term: NOAA IPO/NASA/NOAA led NPOESS Era 14+ EOS Measurements VIIRS, CrIS, ATMS, OMPS, ERBS, TSIM, CMIS, GPSOS, SESS, Radar Altimeter, DCS, SARSAT, APS EDRs IPO funded; Instrument/SSPR contractor teams with OAT oversight Level 1, selected CDRs TBD EDRsCDRs IDPS (IPO)TBD Mid Term: NOAA Long Term: NOAA IPO/NOAA led EOS Era 24/24 EOS Measurements MODIS, AIRS, AMSU, HSB, CERES, TOMS, OMI, ACRIM, TSIM, SOLSTICE, HIRDLS, MLS, AMSR, EOSP, SeaWiFS, ASTER, ETM+ NASA funded, PI led teams EOSDIS / PI Processing (NASA) Mid Term: EOSIDS Long Term: NOAA (TBR) NASA led NPP Era Source: IPO ADTT NPOESS Program Overview, 13 April 2005

27. White House Direction on Landsat

28. OLI/NPOESS Mission Advantages Transition of Landsat into a truly operational measurement Extension of the Landsat data record past 2020 Leverage of proposed NPOESS infrastructure Benefits derived from combining data from OLI with Visible/Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) and the Aerosol Polarimeter Sensor (APS): –Large scale processes of change detected by VIIRS can be more closely analyzed by OLI –OLI data can be used to better calibrate VIIRS and validate Environmental Data Records (EDRs) derived from VIIRS data conversely VIIRS spectral bands can be used to atmospherically correct OLI data –Aerosol measurements and corrections can be applied to both sensors –Terra (MODIS sensor) and Landsat 7 results have already demonstrated the potential of combining data

29. Operational Land Imaging Plan Responsibilities –NASA -- Procure two OLI sensors, science team –NOAA -- Integration, operations, data relay –USGS -- Image planning, data processing, archive and distribution Operations concept –USGS provides daily target collection plan –NPOESS Builds collection into daily mission plan Receives playback data at SafetyNet TM sites Data returned to US and forwarded to USGS –USGS Processes, archives, distributes data

30. Environmental Satellite Program Over Budget, Behind Schedule The U.S. National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) will exceed its $6.9 billion cost estimate by at least 15 percent, and its planners are now considering cutting instruments and satellites in addition to long delays. “[NPOESS] is so badly broken … we could lose a lot of the climate [components], we could lose instruments,” NPOESS Preparatory Project (NPP) project scientist Jim Gleason told a committee of the National Research Council of the U.S. National Academies at a 25 October meeting. The first NPOESS satellite had been scheduled to launch in 2009, but the launch date has been moved tentatively to 2012 and is likely to slip even further, according to Gleason. However, NPP has suffered its own setbacks, with its launch being moved from October 2006 to April 2008 and now possibly to April 2009. The main problem affecting NPP has been the difficulty in the engineering and construction of [VIIRS]... Because of the engineering problems that still have to be solved, [VIIRS] currently has no scheduled date for completion, according to Gleason. NPOESS chief scientist Stephen A. Mango told the NRC committee, “other snags... are going to lead to significant delays.”... One cost-cutting option is to … not include every instrument on every satellite, he said…[O]ne of the three orbits … could be filled by the [MetOp] satellites, although this may cause problems with data continuity, according to Jack Kaye, director of the research and analysis program at NASA. At the NRC committee meeting, Kaye called this option “a giant step backwards.” Canceling the first NPOESS satellite and using NPP to fill that slot—while it still serves as the transition satellite—has also been discussed, according to Gleason. However, NPP carries only four of the 10 instruments planned for NPOESS satellites. No decisions about any of these options have been made at this point, and Mango hopes to have a better understanding about the future of the project after an NPOESS project planning meeting in December. Kaye noted, though, “I think, in the end, we are all going to be forced to make decisions we don’t want to make because of the budget issues.” Excerpts from News article by Sarah Zielinski, Staff Writer, Eos, Vol. 86, No. 45, 8 November 2005

31. Program Schedule Changes MilestonesAs of Aug 2002 contract award As of Feb 2004 (rebase- line) As of Aug 2005 Net change from contract award Minimum change from rebase- line Potential data gap NPP launchMay 2006 Oct 2006 Apr 2008 23-month delay 18-month delay Not applicable Final POES launchMar 2008 Dec 2007 4-month advance Not applicable First NPOESS satellite planned for launch Apr 2009 Nov 2009 Sep 2010 17-month delay 10-month delay Not applicable First NPOESS satellite launch if needed to back up the final POES Mar 2008 Feb 2010 Dec 2010 33-month delay 3-yr data gap if final POES fails on launch Final DMSP launchOct 2009 May 2010 Oct 201124-month delay Not applicable Second NPOESS satellite planned for launch Jun 2011 Dec 2011 6-month delay Not applicable Source: GAO-06-249TSource: GAO-06-249T, 16 Nov 2005

32. Program Life Cycle Cost Changes As ofLife cycle cost estimateLife cycle range July 2002$6.5 billion1995-2018 July 2003$7.0 billion1995-2018 September 2004$8.1 billion1995-2020 November 2005To be determined Source: GAO-06-249T, 16 Nov 2005 “Over the past several years, the NPOESS program has experienced continued schedule delays, cost increases, and technical challenges. The schedule for the launch of the first satellite has been delayed by at least 17 months (until September 2010 at the earliest), and this delay could result in a gap in satellite coverage of at least 3 years if the last satellite in the prior satellite fails to launch. Program life cycle cost estimates have grown from $6.5 billion in 2002 to $8.1 billion in 2004 and are still growing. … bringing the life cycle cost estimate to about $9.7 billion. Technical risks in developing key sensors continue, and could lead to further cost increases and schedule delays.”