1. Better Air Quality EMISSION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS AND PARTICULATE MATTER FROM DOMESTIC COOKING USING COAL
Nghiem Trung Dung
Institute for Environmental Science and Technology
Hanoi University of Technology, 1 Dai Co Viet road, Hanoi, Vietnam
Hoang Xuan Co, Pham Ngoc Ho and Do Quang Huy
Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Hanoi University of Sciences Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai road, Hanoi, Vietnam
Agra, India, 6-8 December 2004

2. INTRODUCTION
PAHs: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, or Polynuclear Aromatics (PNA), organic compounds composed of fused benzene rings
Sources:
Natural: Forest fires, volcanoes
Anthropogenic: Incomplete combustion of organic materials, industries
A major group of carcinogens and mutagens in the environment.
Human exposure: via food, water, air or direct contact with materials containing PAHs.
PAHs in the air: Distributed between particulate and vapor phases
PAHs on particulate: Exchangeable fraction and non - exchangeable fraction
Distribution of PAHs between vapor phase and exchangeable fraction of particulate phase depends on:
Vapor pressure of PAHs
Ambient temperature
Particulate concentration,
Particulate size, surface area and the nature of particulate

3. Selected PAHs

4. PAHs distribution between particulate and vapor phases as a function of temperature
Source: Yasuda (1995)

5. SOURCE SAMPLING
Method followed: U.S. EPA Modified Method 5 (U.S.EPA,1986)
- Gas-phase PAHs were collected on XAD-2 resin
- Particulate-phase PAHs were collected on glass fiber filter
Particulate matter were iso-kinetically sampled
Sampling train:

6. Source sampling train for PAHs
Flue gas in
Heated Filter Box
Probe Line
Stack
Condenser
XAD-2 (30 g)
1. Condensate knockout
ml of distilled water
3. Empty
g of silica gel
4 Impingers in Ice Bath
Dry Gas Meter
Flue gas out

7. Note: a- Normal conditions (25 oC, 1 atm)
Sampling information
Sample code
Fuel information
Sample information
Moisture (%)
Ash (%)
Burning rate (kg/h)
Amount Burnt (g)
Time (min)
Volumea (m3)
Flue gas temp. (oC)
Collected PM (mg)
PM con.a (mg/m3) C1
2.2
14.1
0.41
498 65
2.281
79.0
4.2
1.8 C2
798
120
3.868
75.8
23.3
6.0 C3
848
4.306
72.7
35.7
8.3 C4
828
107
4.272
74.4
23.6
5.5 C5
145
5.100
73.6
21.8
4.3 C6
878
138
4.186
21.5
5.1
Note: a- Normal conditions (25 oC, 1 atm)

8. Analytical procedure, US. EPA Method TO-13
Particulate matter or XAD-2
Soxhlet extraction with DCM
Centrifugation (if needed)
Dewater by sodium sulphate
Rotary evaporation to nearly dryness
Solvent exchange to cyclohexane (1ml)
Clean-up with silica gel
1) 25 ml, n-pentane
2) 25 ml, n-pentane-DCM, (6:4, V:V)
Aliphatic
fraction
PAHs Fraction
Evaporation to dryness by N2 gas
Add 1 ml of cyclohexane
Analysis by GC/MS

9. RESULTS Vapour/Total (%) 70.0 Emission factor (mg/kg) 62.0
Emission factors of individual PAHs
mg/kg coal
Vapor/
Total %
Compound
Vapor
Acenaphthylene, Acy
0.569
0.646
88.1
Acenaphthene, Ace
0.428
0.545
78.6
Fluorene, Flu
16.507
27.986
59.0
Phenanthrene, Phe
5.615
5.791
97.0
Anthracene, Ant
0.146
0.163
89.3
Fluoranthene, Fth
3.254
3.347
97.2
Pyrene, Pyr
0.648
0.783
82.9
Benzo(a)anthracene, BaA
0.439
0.476
92.3
Chrysene, Chry
0.110
0.233
47.3
Benzo(b)fluoranthene, BbF
0.671
100.0
Benzo(k)fluoranthene, BkF
1.499
4.002
37.5
Benzo(a)pyrene, BaP
12.184
14.206
85.8
Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, DahA
0.689
0.887
77.7
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene, BghiP
0.373
1.306
28.6
Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, IcdP
0.275
0.942
29.2
Vapour/Total (%)
70.0
Emission factor (mg/kg)
62.0
Emission rate (mg/h)
25.1
Concentration ug/m3
4.0

10. Emission factors of individual PAHs

11. Comparison of PAHs emission factors among different fuels
Source: Coal briquettes, wood, charcoal (Kim Oanh, 1999)
Kerosene (Kim Oanh, 2002)
Sawdust (Dung, 2004)

12. Comparison of PAHs emission rates among different fuels
Source: Coal briquettes, wood, charcoal (Kim Oanh, 1999)
Kerosene (Kim Oanh, 2002)
Sawdust (Dung, 2004)

13. CONCLUSION
Emission of individual PAHs from domestic cooking using coal was monitored.
Emission factor, emission rate as well as concentration of the total PAHs were determined to be 62.0 mg kg-1, 25.1mg h-1 and 4.0 g Nm-3 respectively.
All detected PAHs, except for benzo(b)fluoranthene, were found to be present in both gas and PM phases of smoke.
Gas phase contributed 70% of the total PAHs in terms of emission factor.
Very high percentage of BaP in smoke emitted from domestic cooking using coal was observed.

14. References
Dung, N.T., Co, H.X., Ho, P.N. and Huy, D.Q., Emission of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Particulate Matter from Domestic Cooking Using Sawdust. Science and Technology (in press)
Kim Oanh, N.T., Nghiem, L.H., Phyu, Y.L., Emission of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Toxicity and Mutagenicity from Domestic Cooking Using Sawdust Briquettes, Wood, and Kerosene. Environmental Science and Technology 36,
Kim Oanh, N.T., Reutergårdh L.B., Dung, N.T., Emission of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Particulate Matter from Domestic Combustion of Selected Fuels. Environmental Science and Technology 33,
U.S. EPA, Modified Method 5 (Method 0010) Sampling Train, Revision 0, September U.S. EPA, Washington, DC.
U.S. EPA, Compendium of Methods for Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air, Revision 1.0, June U.S. EPA/600/4-89/017, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC.
Yasuda, K., Stack Sampling Technique for PAHs. Materials of the Third ASEAN Workshop on Air Pollution Monitoring and Analysis with Emphasis on PAHs, ERTC, Bangkok, Thailand.

15. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION