1. Effect of Agriculture in Nitrogen Budget of Turkey
Aysun VATANSEVER BOŞÇA
Ministry of Environment and Urbanization
Assoc.Prof.Dr. Selim L. SANİN
Hacettepe Universıty

2. The impact of anthropogenic activities on nitrogen cycle has become significantly important.
Today the nitrogen fixation has doubled compared to times before the industrial revolution.
This will affect the ecology of agriculturally leading countries, like Turkey.
Recent increases in anthropogenic N fixation in relation to “natural” N fixation. Modified from Vitousek, P. M. and P. A. Matson (1993).

4. Anthropogenic reactive nitrogen in the environment is difficult to control, because it is associated with two of the most important need of human needs:
Food & Energy

5. Turkey: total area 779 450 km² divided into 7 geographical regions,
comprising 81 provinces.
major economic activities are;
- industry (34% of GDP, labor force 15%),
- services (48% of GDP, labor force 39%) and
- agriculture (18% of GDP, labor force: 47% )

6. In terms of employment,
agriculture is the most important sector in the Turkish economy.
Agriculture is an important contributor to foreign trade as well and supplies 14% of total exports and accounts for 6% of total imports

7. Agricultural Activities
FOR OUR MODEL:
N-budget elements of
Agricultural crop production
&
Livestock production
are defined and their contributions are calculated.

8. Agriculture Application of inorganic (mineral) fertilizers
Nitrogen uptaken by crops from soil
N-fixation:
Nitrogen input to soil by
- nitrogen fixing plants
- free living soil organisms

9. 1. Total chemical fertilizer-N consumption trend of Turkey

10. Distribution of Fertilizer-N consumption with respect to provinces (in 2005 [1000 tones])

11. 2. N uptake by Plants
The plants produced in Turkey are divided into three groups by Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK) according to ISIC Rev.3 (International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities, Rev.3):
- Fruits
- Vegetables
- Field crops (leguminous plants, industrial crops,
cereals, oil seeds, fodder crops, tuberous crops)
Nitrogen uptake coefficients of different plants provided by OECD for each plant group are used.

12. Nitrogen uptake coefficients of different plants
N-coefficient (kg Nitrogen/tone production)
FRUITS
Raspberry  6
Pears
Pistachios
Avocado
Quinces
Almonds 6
Walnuts
Tea
 15
Strawberry
Mulberry
Apple
Plums
Hazelnuts
Grape fruits  4
Oleaster
Figs
Apricots
Carobs
Chestnuts
FRUITS
N-coefficient (kg Nitrogen/ton eproduction)
Cornel  6
Lemons  4
Mandarin
Medlar
Bananas
Pomegranates
Oranges
Peaches
Persimmons
Sour oranges
Grape
Sour cherries
Loquats
Wild apricots
Olive
Kiwi 6
Cherries

13. VEGETABLES Tomatoes N-coefficient (kg Nitrogen/tone production) Hairy 4
Broad bean
Pumpkin
Okra
Reddish shell bean
Pea
Pepper
Kidney beans
Broccoli
Dill
Tomatoes
Artichokes
bean
Carrots
Cucumbers
Spinach
(Sakız)
Cauliflower
Celeriac
Red Beets
Asparagus
Cabbages
Water Melon 4
Melon

14. FIELD CROPS FIELD CROPS N-coefficient (kg Nitrogen/ton production)
N-coefficient (kg Nitrogen/ton production)
Theyme
 22
Cumin
Dry pepper
Cotton (lint)
 65
Sugar beets  3
Hop
 43
Tobacco
 46
OIL SEEDS
Safflower
 28
Sunflower
 32
Cotton seed
Poppy (seed)
Flax  5
Rapeseed
 38
Soybean
Sesame
Groundnut
 63
FODDER CROPS
Wild vetches 11
Cow vetches
Sainfoin
Maize 5
Clover 17
Alfalfa
TUBEROUS CROPS
Beets for fodder 4
Potatoes
Garlic
Onion
FIELD CROPS
N-coefficient (kg Nitrogen/ton production)
CEREALS
Barley
 20
Wheat
Rye
 21
Rice in the husk
Millet
 40
Canary gras
Mixed grain
Maize
Oats
LEGUMINOUS PLANTS
Broad bean
 31
Pea
Kidney beans
Wild vetches
Fenugreek
Wild pea
Bean (dry)
Cow vetches
Lentil
Grass pea
Chick pea
INDUSTRIAL CROPS
Lupin
 22
Anise
Poppy (kapsule)

19. 3. a) Nitrogen fixation through the action of bacteria which live symbiotically in root nodules of leguminous crops
The amount of N fixed in the soil by symbiotic bacteria is directly related to the area under crop and is calculated as:
Quantity of N fixed in the soil [kg N] =
Cultivated area of leguminous crop [hectare] X
N fixation coefficient for the given crop [kg N/hectare]

20. Coefficients for nitrogen fixation by bacteria living in the roots of plants (OECD)
PLANT TYPE
N-coefficient
(kg N/hectare)
Broad bean 83
Pea
Kidney beans
Wild vetches
Fenugreek
Wild pea
Bean (dry)
Cow vetches
Lentil
Grass pea
Chick pea
Clover
250
Alfalfa
Soybean
100

21. Amount of Nitrogen fixed by N-fixing leguminous plants (tones)

22. 3. b) Nitrogen fixation by Free living soil organisms:
The amount of N fixed by free living soil organisms is directly related to the land area data, i.e. arable, permanent crop and permanent pasture land, and is calculated as;
Quantity of N fixed by free living soil organisms [kg N] =
area of each type of land [hectare] X
N fixation coefficient for the given type of land [kg N/hectare]

23. N coefficient = 4 kg/hectare
Agricultural and forest areas (1000 hectare)
Nitrogen (tones)
Years
Total arable land
Total land under permanent crops
Land under permanent meadows and pastures
Total utilized agricultural land
Total arable land
1988
24.786
2.977
14.177
41.940
99.144
11.908
56.708
1989
24.880
3.017
42.074
99.520
12.068
1990
24.827
3.029
42.033
99.308
12.116
1991
24.631
3.023
12.378
40.032
98.524
12.092
49.512
1992
24.563
3.012
39.953
98.252
12.048
1993
24.481
3.054
39.913
97.924
12.216
1994
24.605
3.066
40.049
98.420
12.264
1995
24.373
2.461
39.212
97.492
9.844
1996
24.514
2.472
39.364
98.056
9.888
1997
24.297
2.567
39.242
97.188
10.268
1998
24.436
2.530
39.344
97.744
10.120
1999
24.279
2.523
39.180
97.116
10.092
2000
23.826
2.553
38.757
95.304
10.212
2001
23.800
2.550
14.617
40.967
95.200
10.200
58.468
2002
23.994
2.585
41.196
95.976
10.340
2003
23.372
2.656
40.645
93.488
10.624
2004
23.871
2.722
41.210
95.484
10.888
2005
23.830
2.776
41.223
95.320
11.104
2006
22.981
2.895
40.493
91.924
11.580
2007
21.979
2.909
39.505
87.916
11.636
2008
21.555
2.950
39.122
86.220
11.800
2009
21.351
2.943
38.911
85.404
11.772
2010
21.384
3.010
39.011
85.536
12.040

24. Livestock Production 5 main categories of animals
1. Cattle Breeding (4 sub-categories)
native, hybrid, culture, cow
2. Sheep and Goat Farming (4 sub-categories)
native sheep, merinos sheep, hair goat, angora goat
3. Poultry Raising (4 sub-categories)
broiler, laying hen, goose, duck
4. Single Shank Raising (3 sub-categories)
horse-donkey-hinny
5. Other (3 sub-categories)
pig, camel

25. For each livestock category:
Estimated quantity of N in livestock manure [kg N/year] =
Number of animals [heads] X
Manure coefficient [kg N/head/year]

27. Animal Manure Nitrogen Production
Species
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Cattle Breeding
Sheep and Goat Farming
Poultry Raising
98.892
93.032
Single Shank (horse-donkey-hinny) Raising
24.540
23.483
22.770
20.765
19.473
17.339
Other
106 71 74 83 77
Total (kg)
Total (tones)
1.168
1.207
1.248
1.221
1.179
1.133

28. Animal Manure-N production with respect to years (Tones)

29. Distribution of Animal manure-N with respect to provinces at 2005 (1000 tones)

30. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION