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UNITED STATES DOMESTIC POLICIES (1945-2000) Unit VIIB AP U.S. History
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Fundamental Question Compare and contrast the administrations of Democratic presidents and Republican presidents regarding political and economical policies.
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Harry Truman (D) (1945-1953) Postwar Economic Issues To avoid unemployment, eliminated price controls leading to inflation and strikes Employment Act of 1946 Council of Economic Advisers Mid-Term Election of 1946 Led to Republican majorities in Congress “Do Nothing Congress” Taft-Hartley Act (1947) Prohibited closed shops, political contributions, sympathy strikes Presidential Succession Act of 1947 22nd Amendment (1951) Two-term limits for President Civil Rights Committee on Civil Rights (1946) Executive Order 9981 (1948) Desegregated the federal government and military
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Election of 1948 Democrats Harry Truman Progressive Party Henry Wallace States’ Rights Party (Dixiecrats) Strom Thurmond Republicans Thomas Dewey
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Truman’s Fair Deal A continuation of New Deal- style social welfare programs Successful Policies: Expansion of Social Security Increased minimum wage 40 cents to 75 cents Housing Act of 1949 Urban projects and public housing Failures: Prevention by Republican and Southern Democrat coalition National healthcare insurance Limited civil rights legislation
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Election of 1952 Republicans Dwight D. Eisenhower I Like Ike I Like Ike I Like Ike Richard Nixon as VP Checkers speech Checkers speech Checkers speech Democrats Adlai Stevenson
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Dwight D. Eisenhower (R) (1953-1961) Modern Republicanism Philosophy of Dynamic Conservatism Balanced budgets Federal support for business Reduce federal powers and influence to states/locals Progressive republicans Effects Increased appropriations to Defense Automation Middle Class expansion Per-capita increases, low inflation, rising GDP Major Policies Soil-Bank Program (1956) Interstate Highway System (1956) National Defense Education Act (1958) Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (1953) Civil Rights Events Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Rosa Parks and Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956) Little Rock Nine (1957)
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Interstate Highway System
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Election of 1956 Republicans Dwight D. Eisenhower Democrats Adlai Stevenson Television Became the dominant medium Housewife commercials
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Election of 1960 Republicans Richard Nixon Democrats John F. Kennedy Massachusetts Catholic Balanced ticket with Lyndon Johnson (D- TX) Debates Radio - Nixon Television - Kennedy
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John F. Kennedy (D) (1961-1963) New Frontier Fiscal conservatism Expansion of social welfare Clean Air Act (1963) Attorney General Robert Kennedy and Civil Rights “Ask not what your country can do for you--ask what you can do for your country.” “Ask not what your country can do for you--ask what you can do for your country.” “Ask not what your country can do for you--ask what you can do for your country.” 23rd Amendment (1961) Electoral votes for D.C.
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Kennedy’s Assassination Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963 Warren Commission Investigations and hearings ruled Lee Harvey Oswald as lone assassin Conspiracy theories led to doubt of federal government Lyndon B. Johnson assumes office JFK moments before his assassination in Dallas LBJ takes oath of office on Air Force One Lee Harvey Oswald shot by Jack Ruby
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Lyndon B. Johnson (D) (1963-1969) Great Society Civil Rights Era 24th Amendment (1964) Poll taxes unconstitutional 25th Amendment (1967) Presidential succession Vietnam
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Election of 1964 Democrats Lyndon B. Johnson Daisy Ad Daisy Ad Republicans Barry Goldwater Criticized welfare state policies
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Lyndon B. Johnson (D) (1963-1969) Great Society War on Poverty Office of Economic Opportunity Food Stamps Community Action Job Corps Civil Rights Legislation Civil Rights Act of 1964 Voting Rights Act of 1965 Immigration Immigration Act of 1965 Housing Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Education Elementary and Secondary Education Act Head Start Health Care Medicare Health services for elderly Medicaid Health services for low-income families Department of Transportation National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act Safety belts, redesigns for protection, drunk drivers Environmental Protection Wilderness Act Endangered Species Act Cultural Promotion National Historic Preservation National Endowment for the Arts AND the Humanities Public broadcasting (PBS) and public radio (NPR) Consumer Protection Fair Packaging and Labeling Act Fiscal Policies $10 Billion Tax Cuts Consumer spending rose 45%
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The Warren Court (1953-1969) Equality Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Baker v. Carr (1962) Criminal Justice Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) Miranda v. Arizona (1966) First Amendment Engel v. Vitale (1962) Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969) Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) Privacy Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)
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Election of 1968 Democrats Lyndon Johnson rescinded nomination due to Vietnam Robert Kennedy assassination National Convention Riots in Chicago Hubert Humphrey Republicans Richard Nixon Peace and Honor Law and Order American Independent George Wallace
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Richard Nixon (R) (1969-1974) Political Policy Silent Majority Silent Majority Silent Majority WWII veterans, Midwest, South, blue collar, suburbia, rural America Southern Strategy Appeal to conservative Solid South Busing and Desegregation New Federalism/Competitive Federalism Revenue sharing and block grants Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) War on Drugs Economy 1973 Oil Crisis and Stagflation “I am now a Keynesian in economics.” Spending cuts to deficit spending 90-day price and wage controls Devalued dollar off gold standard Conservation Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Clean Air Act of 1970 26th Amendment (1971) Right to vote at 18 years old
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Election of 1972 Republicans Richard Nixon Democrats George McGovern
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Watergate Committee to Re-Elect the President (CREEP) G. Gordon Liddy Break-In at Democratic National Headquarters at Watergate Hotel (June 1972) Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein - Washington Post Deepthroat - Mark Felt Saturday Night Massacre (October 20, 1973) Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox “I’m not a crook.” “I’m not a crook.” “I’m not a crook.” Nixon Tapes United States v. Nixon (1974) Resignation (August 9, 1974) Resignation (August 9, 1974) Resignation (August 9, 1974) In lieu of impeachment articles
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Gerald Ford (R) (1974-1977) Assumed office after Nixon’s resignation Pardons Nixon to end “national nightmare” Economy Stagflation WIN (Whip Inflation Now) Inflation soared despite call for voluntarism by businesses and consumers Necessitated stimulus plan from Congressional Democrats
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Election of 1976 Republicans Gerald Ford Ronald Reagan had threatened nomination Democrats Jimmy Carter Washington outsider Georgia governor
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Jimmy Carter (D) (1977-1981) Amnesty to Vietnam draft dodgers Economy 1979 Energy Crisis Iranian Revolution Three Mile Island (1979) Stagflation continued “Malaise Speech” “Malaise Speech” “Malaise Speech” Crisis of Confidence Dependency on oil and non- renewable fuels will affect the future Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker Raised interest rates to highest levels Resulted in higher inflation and lower GDP in the short-run In the long-run, the economy recovered but after Carter’s administration
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Conservative Resurgence Reaction to counterculture and liberalism of 1960s and 1970s Personalities William F. Buckley Barry Goldwater Milton Friedman Ronald Reagan Demographics Blue-collar workers Yuppies and Corporates Fundamentalists Rural, suburbs/commuter towns Southern Democrats shifted Republican Midwest more solidly Republican Moral Majority and Televangelists Jerry Falwell Pat Robertson
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Election of 1980 Democrats Jimmy Carter Republicans Ronald Reagan Campaign Debate “There you go again.” “There you go again.” “Are you better now than you were four years ago?” “Are you better now than you were four years ago?”
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Ronald Reagan (R) (1981-1989) Reagan Revolution “Reaganomics” - Supply-Side Economics Tax Cuts Economic Recovery Tax Act (1981) Tax Reform Act of 1986 Spending cuts on domestic and social welfare programs Massive military expenditures Deregulation - New Federalism Limited regulation of businesses Opened up federal conservation lands for resources and development PATCO Strike (1981) Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)
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Election of 1984 Republicans Ronald Reagan Democrats Walter Mondale Nominated Geraldine Ferraro as VP Rainbow Coalition Campaign Morning in America Morning in America
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Reagan’s Impact The Economy Under Reaganomics Tripled national debt $900 billion to $2.7 trillion Trade deficits and debtor status Inflation 12.5%(1980) to 4.4% (1988) Unemployment 7.5% (1980) to 5.4% (1988) Socioeconomic gap widened Welfare programs cut Black Monday (Oct. 19, 1987) Stock prices fell 508 points - largest in history Savings and Loan Crisis Conservative Supreme Court Nominations Sandra Day O’Connor - first female Justice Antonin Scalia Anthony Kennedy War on Drugs Just Say No - Nancy Reagan
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The Burger Court (1969-1986) Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) New York Times v. United States (1971) Roe v. Wade (1973) Miller v. California (1973) United States v. Nixon (1974) Buckley v. Valeo (1976) Gregg v. Georgia (1976) Regents of UC v. Bakke (1978) Bowers v. Hardwick (1986)
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Election of 1988 Democrats Michael Dukakis Republicans George H.W. Bush Campaign “Read my lips. No new taxes.” “Read my lips. No new taxes.” Dukakis in the Tank Dukakis in the Tank Willie Horton ad Willie Horton ad
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George H.W. Bush (R) (1989-1993) American with Disabilities Act (1990) Recession (1990-1991) Savings and Loan Crisis 27th Amendment (1992) Persian Gulf War (1991) Highest popularity due to swift victory
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Election of 1992 Democrats Bill Clinton Republicans George H.W. Bush Reform Party H. Ross Perot
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Bill Clinton (D) (1993-2001) North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (1994) Republican Revolution (1994) Contract with America Newt Gingrich Welfare Reform Act (1996) Lewinski Scandal Impeachment
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Election of 1996 Democrats Bill Clinton Republicans Bob Dole Reform Party H. Ross Perot
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Election of 2000 Democrats Al Gore Republicans George W. Bush Green Party Ralph Nader Bush v. Gore (2000)
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