1. “Doubles” Three 19 th Century Tales— through 21 st Century Ears

2. “Three Tales of Doubles” Literature (Art) as a mirror Literature (Art) as a mirror Reflects back what the reader—or the reader’s times—shows to the mirror. Reflects back what the reader—or the reader’s times—shows to the mirror. Reveals what the subject presents to its objects, but can’t see for him or her self. Reveals what the subject presents to its objects, but can’t see for him or her self. Longman Anthology presents “Doubles”: Longman Anthology presents “Doubles”: Why should our age foreground Double-ness? Why should our age foreground Double-ness? How literature encodes, is our focus. How literature encodes, is our focus.

3. Double-ness is Western-ness: --i.e. the mark of our Civilisation Athenean philosophy: Plato & Artistotle circa 500 C. BC. —DIALECTICS. Athenean philosophy: Plato & Artistotle circa 500 C. BC. —DIALECTICS. The World of Appearance is supported by a (non- appearing) World of Reality: “the Forms” The World of Appearance is supported by a (non- appearing) World of Reality: “the Forms” Roman Empire: philosophy of Stoicism Roman Empire: philosophy of Stoicism emotion-vs-reason: balance & control emotion-vs-reason: balance & control The Will must agree with Nature The Will must agree with Nature Christianity: City of God and City of Man Christianity: City of God and City of Man Interpenetration, co-existence, difference Interpenetration, co-existence, difference

4. Double-ness in the West External (General) External (General) Evil & Good Evil & Good Chaos & Order Chaos & Order Governed & Governors Governed & Governors Bourgeoisie & Proletariat (Marx) Bourgeoisie & Proletariat (Marx) Savagery & Civilisation /Death and Survival (Darwin) Savagery & Civilisation /Death and Survival (Darwin) Internal: Internal: Body and Soul Private and Public Vice and Virtue Desire and Self-Control Conscious and Subconscious

5. Steampunk: (from ‘cyberpunk’)

6. Golem: ( גולם ) Hebrew legend Hebrew legend Creature built from matter & animated Creature built from matter & animated In Medieval folklore, a protector of Jews during porgoms In Medieval folklore, a protector of Jews during porgoms Religious & Alchemic Religious & Alchemic Obvious precurser to: Obvious precurser to: Frankenstein Frankenstein Cloning Cloning Eugenics Eugenics

7. Doppelgänger: ‘double-goer’ A ghostly double of oneself A ghostly double of oneself Prefiguration of impending evil, misfortune or death Prefiguration of impending evil, misfortune or death Mary Shelley’s husband famously saw his before death Mary Shelley’s husband famously saw his before death Transmigration of soul Transmigration of soul http://totallylookslike.com http://totallylookslike.com

8. A reason for Victorian “doubles” “Amputation” (Marshall McLuhan, 1911-1980) “Amputation” (Marshall McLuhan, 1911-1980) Technology: Technology: the extentions of man the extentions of man Technology is the amputation, by science, of human attributes into external devices and creations Technology is the amputation, by science, of human attributes into external devices and creations We then confront our second-selves We then confront our second-selves Stages of Amputation 1. Literacy speech & memory 2. Industrialisation Hands, arms, legs Computerisation Computerisation Nervous system Science is ‘amputator’ Science is ‘amputator’ Dr. Frankenstein Dr. Jekyll Confronts us with ‘evil’ doubles / creations

9. Return to Words in 21 st C. Academic English Return to concentration on the lexical level of literature: history & senses of words Return to concentration on the lexical level of literature: history & senses of words Move away from the lexical—2 nd -half of 20 th Century— was the aberration. Move away from the lexical—2 nd -half of 20 th Century— was the aberration. Cultural fashion Cultural fashion Literature has words as its sole medium Literature has words as its sole medium Command of words is the native skill of writers— essayists, novelists, poets. Command of words is the native skill of writers— essayists, novelists, poets. Literary scholarship traditionally requires command of Words: Literary scholarship traditionally requires command of Words: O.E.D. the primary tool for scholars of English O.E.D. the primary tool for scholars of English