1. 3 Chapter 3 Rocks

2. Fascinating Fact Digging at a rate of one foot per minute, it would take you 87 years to tunnel all the way through Earth.

3. Rocks 3.1 The Rock Cycle  Rocks are any solid mass of mineral or mineral-like matter occurring naturally as part of our planet.

4. Rocks 3.1 The Rock Cycle  Types of Rocks 1.Igneous 2. Sedimentary 3. Metamorphic

5. The Rock Cycle 3.1 The Rock Cycle  Shows the interrelationships among the three rock types  Magma is molten material that forms deep beneath the Earth’s surface.  Lava is magma that reaches the surface

6.  Weathering is a process in which rocks are physically and chemically broken down by water, air, and living things Sediment is weathered pieces of Earth materials.

7. Rock Cycle

10. Formation of Igneous Rocks 3.2 Igneous Rocks 1. Intrusive igneous rocks are formed when magma hardens beneath Earth’s surface. Ex: Granite, Diorite 2. Extrusive igneous rocks are formed when lava hardens. Ex: Obsidian, Pumice

11. Classification of Igneous Rocks 3.2 Igneous Rocks 1. Texture  Igneous rocks can be classified based on their composition and texture. Coarse Fine- Glassy texture

12. Igneous Rock

13. Classification of Igneous Rocks 3.2 Igneous Rocks 2. Composition Granitic composition rocks are made mostly of light-colored quartz and feldspar.

14. Classification of Igneous Rocks 3.2 Igneous Rocks 2. Composition (continued) Basaltic composition rocks are made mostly of dark-colored silicate minerals and plagioclase feldspar. Andesitic composition rocks are between granitic light-color minerals and basaltic composition dark-colored minerals. Ultramafic composition rocks are made mostly from iron and magnesium-rich minerals.

15. Course-Grained Igneous Texture

16. Fine-Grained Igneous Texture

17. Obsidian Exhibits a Glassy Texture.

18. Porphyritic Igneous Texture

19. Basalt

20. Formation of Sedimentary Rocks 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks 1. Erosion involves the weathering and the removal of rock. 2. Deposition occurs when an agent of erosion—water, wind, ice, or gravity—loses energy and drops sediments.  Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition

21. Formation of Sedimentary Rocks 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks 3. Compaction is a process that squeezes, or compacts, sediments. 4. Cementation takes place when dissolved minerals are deposited in the tiny spaces among the sediments.  Compaction and Cementation

22. Fascinating Fact Seventy percent of all the rocks on earth are sedimentary rocks.

23. Classification of Sedimentary Rocks 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks 1. Clastic sedimentary rocks are composed of weathered bits of rocks and minerals. Classified by particle size  Two Main Groups - Shale (most abundant) Common rocks include - Conglomerate - Sandstone

24. Shale with Plant Fossils

25. Conglomerate

26. Classification of Sedimentary Rocks 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks  Two Main Groups 2. Chemical sedimentary rocks form when dissolved substances precipitate, or separate, from water. Common rocks include - l imestone — most abundant chemical rock - microcrystalline quartz known as chert, flint, jasper, or agate - evaporites such as rock salt or gypsum - coal

27. Fossiliferous Limestone

28. Formation of Metamorphic Rocks 3.4 Metamorphic Rocks  Metamorphism means “to change form.”  Conditions for formation are found a few kilometers below the Earth’s surface and extend into the upper mantle.  Most metamorphic changes occur at elevated temperatures and pressures.

29. Agents of Metamorphism 3.4 Metamorphic Rocks  1. Heat  2. Pressure Provides the energy needed to drive chemical reactions Causes a more compact rock with greater density

30. Agents of Metamorphism 3.4 Metamorphic Rocks Hot water-based solutions escaping from the mass of magma Promote recrystallization by dissolving original minerals and then depositing new ones  3. Hydrothermal Solutions

31. Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have "morphed" into another kind of rock. These rocks were once igneous or sedimentary rocks. How do sedimentary and igneous rocks change? The rocks are under tons and tons of pressure, which fosters heat build up, and this causes them to change. If you exam metamorphic rock samples closely, you'll discover how flattened some of the grains in the rock are.

32. Gneiss Typically Displays a Banded Appearance

33. Marble — A Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rock