1. © Intercultural Studies Group Universitat Rovira i Virgili The translation form Anthony Pym

2. © Intercultural Studies Group Please translate - Übersetzung ist eine Form. (Walter Benjamin) - El sueño de la razón produce monstruos. (Francisco Goya)

3. © Intercultural Studies Group Please translate - Übersetzung ist eine Form. (Walter Benjamin) - El sueño de la razón produce monstruos. (Francisco Goya)

4. © Intercultural Studies Group Please translate - Übersetzung ist eine Form. (Walter Benjamin) - El sueño de la razón produce monstruos. (Francisco Goya)

5. © Intercultural Studies Group Please translate - Übersetzung ist eine Form. (Walter Benjamin) - El sueño de la razón produce monstruos. (Francisco Goya)

6. © Intercultural Studies Group Please translate - Übersetzung ist eine Form. (Walter Benjamin) - El sueño de la razón produce monstruos. (Francisco Goya)

7. © Intercultural Studies Group Please translate - Übersetzung ist eine Form. (Walter Benjamin) - El sueño de la razón produce monstruos. (Francisco Goya)

8. © Intercultural Studies Group Please translate - Übersetzung ist eine Form. (Walter Benjamin) - El sueño de la razón produce monstruos. (Francisco Goya)

9. © Intercultural Studies Group A form for translation competence - The ability to generate a series of more than one viable target text (TTI, TT2… TTn) for a pertinent source text (ST); - The ability to select only one viable TT from this series, quickly and with justified confidence.

10. © Intercultural Studies Group Solving unequal problems

11. © Intercultural Studies Group A complex form? In „Brot“ und „pain“ ist das Gemeinte zwar dasselbe, die Art, es zu meinen, dagegen nicht. In der Art des Meinens nämlich liegt es, daß beide Worte dem Deutschen und dem Franzosen je etwas Verschiedenes bedeuten, daß sie für beide nicht vertauschbar sind, ja sich letzten Endes auszuschließen streben; am Gemeinten aber, daß sie, absolut genommen, das Selbe und Identische bedeuten. (1923/1977: 55)

12. © Intercultural Studies Group A complex form?

13. © Intercultural Studies Group A complex form? Pour gagner ton pain de chaque soir (La Muse vénale)

14. © Intercultural Studies Group A complex form? Le pain et le vin destinés à sa bouche (La Bénédiction)

15. © Intercultural Studies Group What are forms? - Popper: “third world” objects - Here, socially operational concepts that reduce complexity - Economy: value, money - Military: rank, orders - Religion: faith - Academy: field, discipline

16. © Intercultural Studies Group Not good form? - Toury, “assumed translation”: - “all utterances which are presented or regarded as such within the target culture, on no matter what grounds” (1995: 32) - Three postulates: - 1. Existence of a source text - 2. Transfer of some source-text features - 3. A set of relations associating the translated text with its source text.

17. © Intercultural Studies Group Form in the eyes of whom? - Gutt: - 1. Overt vs. covert translations - 2. Overt: direct vs. indirect. - 3. Direct overt translation “creates a presumption of complete interpretative resemblance” (1991: 186).

18. © Intercultural Studies Group Prototypical form?

19. © Intercultural Studies Group An overlap form (Holmes)

20. © Intercultural Studies Group An overlap of two continua? - Texts that report and discuss (general involvement) - Uses of plurilingualism (lingua franca, pidgens, creoles, code- switching, intercomprehension)

21. © Intercultural Studies Group An overlap of two maxims? - ST and TT are assumed to have quantitative similitude, such that added quantity in ST means added quantity in TT; - The translating translator cannot say “I” (i.e. the “alien-I”) - (The maxim of quantity is continuous; the maxim of the alien-I is relatively discontinuous.)

22. © Intercultural Studies Group Maxims as ethical precepts? - Habermas’s universal validity claims: - a claim to the truth of what is said or presupposed - a claim to the normative rightness - a claim to the truthfulness or sincerity of the speaker. - Do these hold for translation?

23. © Intercultural Studies Group The truth of what is said? - Pseudotranslations? - Deckert translates Fred Leuchter

24. © Intercultural Studies Group Normative rightness? - Yes, the work of adaptation

25. © Intercultural Studies Group Sincerity of the speaker? - No, the sincerity of the reporter. - The truth of the representation (not of what is said).

26. © Intercultural Studies Group Form of the agamlong? In many courts, there is a repeater or translator (i.e. interpreter) who is positioned between the parties involved in the case. In some courts, especially in the towns, these are actually translators, sometimes speaking a number of different local languages, as well as colloquial Arabic. In Dinka courts, however, there is an agamlong, which literally means ‘repeater of speech,’ who repeats more loudly the speech of court members, litigants, and witnesses. Sometimes they only repeat the last few words of each statement, resulting in a kind of echo effect. At other times, they elaborate on or clarify the statements as they repeat them. Their function is partly to make the case more public by rendering the proceedings more audible.

27. © Intercultural Studies Group Form of the agamlong? Some of the non-Dinka courts around Wau seem to have a similar figure, who sometimes translates among the numerous languages of Western Bahr el Ghazal, but often simply repeats like the agamlong. He [or she] is the interpreter, the one who makes quiet voices louder, the repeater: mutarjim [translator] in Arabic. We call it nve wandi so: one who makes the word wider. Or nve vagbi so: one who makes clear, who reveals secrets; who doesn’t hide things; who goes straight, not around the bush (Leonardi et al. 2010: 33).

28. © Intercultural Studies Group

29. The defense of reason? - Habermas (Collège de France, March 1983): modernity as a project to be defended, on the basis of a society grounded in communicative ethics. - Foucault: communication as power, based on genealogies. - So what happens in the boundaries of societies?