1. THE CHLOR-ALKALI INDUSTRY

2. Chlorine is manufactured by the electrolysis of brine
Chlorine is manufactured by the electrolysis of brine. Sodium hydroxide is produced at the same time.
Three different methods are currently in use.
Information on each is given below. Decide which of the three is the “best” method.
NB – consider environmental aspects, energy consumption and production rate.

3. Mercury cell electrolysis
Mercury cell electrolysis, also known as the Castner process, in which the "primary cell", titanium anodes are placed in a sodium (or potassium) chloride solution flowing over a liquid mercury cathode. When a potential difference is applied and current flows, chlorine is released at the titanium anode and sodium (or potassium) dissolves in the mercury cathode forming an amalgam. The mercury is then recycled to the primary cell.
The mercury process is the least energy-efficient of the three main technologies and there are also concerns about mercury emissions.

4. Mercury cell

5. Diaphragm cell electrolysis
In this process, a diaphragm separates cathode and anode, preventing the chlorine forming at the anode from re-mixing with the sodium hydroxide and the hydrogen formed at the cathode. The brine is continuously fed to the anode compartment and flows through the diaphragm to the cathode compartment, where the sodium hydroxide is produced.
This method produces alkali that is quite dilute (about 12%) but diaphragm cells are not burdened with the problem of preventing mercury discharge into the environment. They also operate at a lower voltage, resulting in an energy savings but large amounts of steam are required if the sodium hydroxide has to be evaporated to the commercial concentration of 50%.

6. Diaphragm cell

7. Membrane cell electrolysis
The electrolysis cell is divided into two "rooms" by a cation permeable membrane acting as an ion exchanger. Saturated sodium (or potassium) chloride solution is passed through the anode compartment, leaving at a lower concentration. Sodium (or potassium) hydroxide solution is circulated through the cathode compartment, exiting at a higher concentration. A portion of the concentrated sodium hydroxide solution leaving the cell is diverted as product, while the remainder is diluted with deionized water and passed through the electrolyzer again.
This method is more efficient than the diaphragm cell and produces very pure sodium (or potassium) hydroxide at about 32% concentration, but requires very pure brine.

8. MEMBRANE CELL

9. SODIUM HYDROXIDE IS ESSENTIAL FOR SOAP MAKING
SAPONIFICATION

10. A soap molecule is a sodium or potassium salt of a long-chain fatty acid.

11. HOW SOAP WORKS:

12. The formation of soap micelles allows soap to remove greasy dirt.
Non polar ends of soap or detergent molecules at the centre of the micelle are attracted to the non-polar molecules in greasy dirt. The polar ends of the molecules are attracted to the water
A SOAP MICELLE
The formation of soap micelles allows soap to remove greasy dirt.

13. A detergent molecule – a sulphate group is attached to a long chain alkyl group.