2. Level 3 Apprenticeship

3. Inertia DefinitionDefinition: An object at rest tends to remain at rest, and an object in motion tends to continue in motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an outside force..

4. Inertia Continued For example, passengers in an accelerating automobile feel the force of the seat against their backs overcoming their inertia so as to increase their velocity. As the car decelerates, the passengers tend to continue in motion and lurch forward. If the car turns a corner, then a package on the car seat will slide across the seat as the inertia of the package causes it to continue moving in a straight line

5. External force is holding Internal forces keep moving

6. Forces within the vehicle resist movement External forces continue to move Rear Collision

7. Simple Collision Structure Collapses Uniformly

8. Simple Collision Pull Hold

9. Strength and design of Body structure will dictate the deflection of collision forces acting upon it

10. Deflection a change of course after hitting somebody or something, or a changing of an objects course by being hit by it

11. Deflection of Forces

12. Frame Design

13. Deflection From Direction of Travel Offset frontal

14. Deflection From Direction of Travel Side impact

15. Another Example

16. Three Section Principle Front Centre Rear

17. Frontal Collision Forces

18. Frontal Impact

19. 1 Stage 1

20. Stage 2

21. Stage 3

22. 4 Stage 4

23. Forces in a Rear Collision

24. Stage 1

25. Stage 2

26. Stage 3

27. Stage 4

28. Side Impact

31. #2

32. #3

33. Forces Present in a Rollover

34. Typical Rollover

35. #2

36. #3

38. MeasurementReferenceSourcesMeasurementReferenceSources

39. CENTRE LINE IS AN IMAGINARY LINE THAT RUNS LENGTHWISE THROUGH THE VEHICLE AND IS A REFERENCE FOR DETERMINING LATERAL ALIGNMENT AND MEASUREMENT LATERALMEASURMENT Centre Plane Centre Line C L

40. CENTERLINE CENTERLINE IS USED TO REFERENCE WIDTH THROUGHOUT THE VEHICLE. COMPONENTS MAY BE EQUALLY POSITIONED EQUALLY OFF OF CENTRE (SYMMETRICAL) UNEQUALLY OR UNEQUALLY OFF OF CENTRE (ASYMETRICAL)

41. DATUM IS AN IMAGINARY LINE WHICH IS USED TO ESTABLISH THE HEIGHT OF THE VEHICLES COMPONENTS AND IS A REFERENCE FOR DETERMINING VERTICAL MISALIGNMENT DATUM PLANE

42. The reference line for all vertical body dimensions

43. ZERO PLANES CENTREFRONTREAR

44. From the ‘Zero’ Plane we can establish length measurement 0 0

45. From the ‘Centre’ Plane we can establish width

46. The ‘Datum’ Plane establishes Height dimensions With these dimensions we can reference all known control points L W H

48. Measuring Tools

49. Datum Length Vs. Point to Point

50. TYPES OF MEASURING SYSTEMS 1. UNIVERSAL -Mechanical -Laser -Sonic 2. DEDICATED BENCH AND FIXTURE MEASURING -Mechanical -Mechanical -Laser -Laser

51. SELF CENTERING GAUGE

52. Strut Tower Gauge

53. Cross member Pin

54. Digital Tram Gauge

55. Most Mitchell, Chief, & Hein-Werner specifications can be measured using a tram gauge set at equal lengths. Measurements can be read directly from the tram gauge bar scale or by measuring the distance from pointer to pointer Tram Gauge

56. Tape Measure

57. Terms perpendicular 1. at right angles: at right angles to a line or plane 2. vertical: perfectly vertical

58. Laser Systems - Single target - Mirrored / Beam splitter / 3d - Multi laser 3d - Reflective pulse laser Basic theory behind Genesis style systems

59. Multi Target Laser

60. Universal System

61. Fixed Universal system

62. Universal Bench

63. Dedicated Bench

64. Laser Measuring

65. Dataliner Laser measuring system

67. Dedicated Bench and Fixture System

68. Measuring Systems on the Internet http://www.car-o-liner.se/us/ http://www.dataliner.se/ http://www.hein-werner.com/ http://www.chiefautomotive.com/ http://www.lasermateusa.com/ http://www.celette.com/

69. CRITICAL MEASUREMENT REFERS TO ANY DISTANCE FROM ONE POINT TO ANOTHER THAT MUST BE MEASURED ACCURATELY TO DIAGNOSE STRUCTURAL DAMAGE THESE AREAS INCLUDE: TORQUE BOX WIDTH AND LENGTH FRAME HORN WIDTH AND LENGTH BALL JOINT POSITION SRUT TOWER POSITION SUSPENSION MOUNTING POINTS ETC. WHILE MOST MEASUREMENTS REQUIRE A DIMENSION SHEET, QUITE OFTEN CHECKING ONE SIDE TO ANOTHER WILL SUFFICE IF NO DIMENSION EXSISTS

70. BASIC STRUCTURAL ALIGNMENT

71. Body Centre Markings

72. Picture the Vehicle as a Box The Box is Divided Into 3 Sections

73. BY HANGING GAUGES ON THE UNEVEN BODY OF THE VEHICLE ALLOWS US TO LOOK AT THE UNDERBODY AS A FLAT LEVEL PLANE. THE GAUGES ALSO DIVIDE THE PLANE INTO THREE SECTIONS Front Centre Rear

74. THIS ALLOWS US TO VIEW THE GAUGES TO DETERMINE IF THE PLANE HAS BEEN DISTORTED BY THE COLLISION

75. EXAMPLES OF LATERAL AND VERTICAL MISALIGNMENT INCORRECT DATUM While level and datum both relate to vertical (up/down) alignment all three sections are still Level or parallel with each other

76. TWIST This structure is out of parallel (twist) this type of damage is not considered a datum misalignment as the front and rear sections are not up or down relative to the centre section

77. Incorrect datum On the other hand, a vehicles front or rear section can be vertically misaligned (datum) and still remain parallel (level) to the centre section

78. Datum and Level Misalignment

79. THREE STEPS FOR GAUGING: 1. DIVIDE THE VEHICLE INTO THREE SECTIONS 2. LOCATE ITS CONTROL POINTS 3. ESTABLISH A BASE FOR THE GAUGING PROCESS

80. CONTROL POINTS: A POINT ON WHICH ANY STRUCTURAL ALIGNMENT IS DEPENDENT POINTS UPON WHICH ALL MEASURING MUST BE TAKEN TO DETECT COLLISION DAMAGE BASIC CONTROL POINTS

81. MANUFACTURERS USE CONTROL POINTS FOR POSITIONING OF STRUCTURE DURING MANUFACTURE TECHNICIANS USE THEM AS GUIDES DURING THE REPAIR PROCESS COMMON REFERENCE AREAS: - HOLES - BOLTS - STUDS - SUSPENSION MOUNTING POINTS - RIVETS

82. ESTABLISHING A BASE FIRST ESTABLISH THE CENTRE SECTION 2 3

83. BY INSTALL GAUGES AT THE EXTREME FRONT AND REAR OF THE STRUCTURE, WE DIVIDE THE VEHICLE INTO THREE BASIC SECTIONS FOR GAUGING PURPOSES WITH THESE GAUGES INSTALLED, YOU CAN NOW COMPARE THE TWO BASE GAUGES TO EACH OTHER TO CHECK THE CONDITION OF THE CENTRE SECTION. YOU CAN THEN SIGHT THE FRONT AND REAR SECTIONS FROM THE BASE SECTION TO DETERMINE COMPLETE AND OVERALL STRUCTURAL CONDITION

84. ADDITIONAL CONTROL POINTS - LOWER SUSPENSION IF IN THE AREA OF IMPACT - STRUT TOWERS IF UNITIZED - STEERING ATTACHMENT POINTS

85. CONTROL AREAS - MAY REQUIRE REMOVAL OF MECHANICAL COMPONENTS TO FACILITATE MOUNTING - MAY REQUIRE ADAPTERS TO FACILITATE MOUNTING

86. USING DATUM - WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF DATUM IN TERMS OF COLLISION DAMAGE ANALYSIS AND REPAIR? - WHEN SHOULD DATUM BE USED? PURPOSE - PROPER SHEETMETAL ALIGNMENT - PROPER HEIGHT OF SUSPENSION MOUNTING AREAS USAGE - ANYTIME THE BODY STRUCTURE HAS BEEN COMPROMISED AND STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS ARE INVOLVED...DIFFERENCES. SHEET METAL VS DIMENSION

87. Setting Datum Datum –1. point of reference: a point, line, or surface used as a basis for measurement or calculation in mapping, surveying or measuring –Datum is used for all vertical alignment measurements –Used to restore and check correct positioning of both sheet metal and major control points

88. Areas of given Measurement reference

89. Measurement Reference Points to Observe

90. Setting Datum Control Points

91. Datum Length Vs. Point to Point

93. WHEN READING GAUGES, USE THE CENTRE SECTION AS YOUR BASE REFERENCE POINT TAKE NOTE OF LOADED AND UNLOADED SPECIFICATIONS! UNLOADED SPECIFICATIONS!

94. OPTIONAL MOUNTING PRACTICES The location of the correct datum will be shown in the dimension manual

95. OVERCOMING OBSTACLES BY REVISING DATUM

96. Datum Revision Sheet

97. SWAY: LATERAL MISALIGNMENT OF THE VEHICLE CENTRELINE (FRONT OR REAR) DAMAGE RELATING TO CENTRELINE

98. DAMAGE RELATING TO LEVEL THE TERM “LEVEL” REFERS TO ALL AREAS OF THE VEHICLE BEING PARALLEL TO ONE ANOTHER HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH THE WAY THE VEHICLE SITS CAN REFER TO THE FRONT, CENTRE OR REAR SECTIONS BEING OUT OF ALIGNMENT

99. SLANG TERMINOLOGY FOR THIS CONDITION WOULD BE “DOWN AT THE COWL” WHEN IN FACT THE VEHICLES LEFT FRONT RAIL IS ACTUALLY “UP”. AS THE VEHICLE RESTS ON ITS SUSPENSION, IT WILL APPEAR TO SAG AT THE LEFT COWL AREA VERTICAL MISALIGNMENT HIGH OR LOW RAIL IS THE CORRECT TERM

100. THIS TERMINOLOGY LEADS YOU TO BELIEVE THAT THE VEHICLE NEEDS JACKING AT THE LEFT FRONT TORQUE BOX WHAT IS REQUIRED IS BLOCKING AT THIS AREA, AND A DOWN PULL ON THE LEFT FRONT RAIL

101. TWIST THE EXCEPTION TO THE RULE IS “ TWIST ”. - TWIST REFERS TO AN OUT OF LEVEL CONDITION IN THE CENTRE SECTION - TWIST WILL HAVE (2) HIGH AND (2) LOW AREAS PRESENT - THE HIGH AND LOW AREAS WILL BE DIAGONAL OF EACH OTHER

102. LEVEL ONLY REFERS TO PARALLEL WITHIN THE VEHICLES STRUCTURE, AND HAS NOTHING AT ALL TO DO WITH HOW THE VEHICLE SITS IN RELATION TO THE FRAME MACHINE OR THE FLOOR Level

103. PERSPECTIVE VIEW AND TOP VIEW TWIST

104. DAMAGE RELATING TO DATUM INCORRECT DATUM ONLY

105. DIFFERENCES

106. DIAMOND - THIS CONDITION ARISES WHEN ONE FRAME RAIL IS MISLOCATED FORWARD OR REARWARD OF THE OTHER - THIS CONDITION IS APPARENT WHEN MEASURING THE CENTER SECTION DIAGONALLY (“ X ”) - NOT GENERALLY DIAGNOSED BY SELF CENTERING GAUGES

107. COLLAPSED RAIL - RAIL LENGTH IS COMPROMISED - DETECTED BY LENGTH MEASUREMENT USING A TRAM BAR CHECK LENGTH, WIDTH AND CROSS MEASURMENTS

108. COLLAPSED CROSSMEMBER WIDTH MEASURMENT

109. STRUT TOWER AND LOWER BALL JOINT WIDTH AFFECTS CAMBER AND SAI

110. BALL JOINT LENGTH AFFECTS CASTER

111. STRUT TOWER AND LOWER BALL JOINT LENGTH AFFECTS CASTER

112. READING SELF CENTERING GAUGES THESE GAUGES SHOW CORRECT FRAME OR BODY ALIGNMENT

113. Out of Level

114. Sag

115. Sidesway

116. Sequencing for Diagnosis Twist ( centre section only ) Diamond ( affects centreline front and rear) Level ( parallel readings front and rear) Mash (length) Sidesway (centreline) Measurements (taken constantly)

117. Perfect Alignment

118. Sway

119. Out of Level

120. Diamond?

121. POSITION YOURSELF CORRECTLY TO VIEW THE GAUGES Incorrect Correct

122. CORRECT DISTANCE 6’-10’ AWAY POSITIONING

123. TOO CLOSE

124. CORRECT - THE TECHNICIAN MUST ALWAYS POSITION HIM OR HERSELF IN A CENTRAL LOCATION AS WELL AS BEING THE CORRECT DISTANCE AWAY WHEN GAUGING FOR PARALLEL (LEVEL), YOU MUST SIGHT THE GAUGES WITH BOTH EYES OPEN

125. WHEN GAUGING FOR CENTRELINE (LATERAL MISALIGNMENT) SIGHT WITH ONE EYE ONLY ALWAYS USE THE CENTRE (BASE) GAUGES AS YOUR REFERENCE POINT IN DETECTING ANY MISALIGNMENT

126. SOMETIMES SIGHTING FROM THE OPPOSITE END AIDS THE TECHNICIAN WITH A CLEARER VIEW

127. VIEWING FROM THE OPPOSITE END OF THE VEHICLE

128. CHECKING THE CENTRE SECTION IF NO DIMENSIONS ARE AVAILABLE FOR DIAGONAL MEASUREMENT, THE FOLLOWING WILL APPLY: - IN THE CENTRE SECTION, CHECK THE LENGTH AND WIDTH OF REFERENCE POINTS AVAILABLE - ONCE VERIFIED EQUAL, SIDE TO SIDE AND END TO END, A CROSS MEASUREMENT CAN BE ACCOMPLISHED

129. THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF INCORRECT WIDTH THAT WOULD CAUSE A PROBLEM WITH A “X” MEASUREMENT

130. IT IS POSSIBLE TO USE A STEEL MEASURING TAPE TO ACCOMPLISH A CROSS MEASUREMENT, PROVIDING THERE ARE NO OBSTRUCTIONS WHATSOEVER USE A TRAM BAR WHENEVER POSSIBLE

131. ON PICKUP TRUCKS THE CENTRE SECTION IS RELATIVELY SMALL EXTRA PRECAUTIONS SHOULD BE MADE SO AS NOT TO MEASURE OUTSIDE OF THE CENTRE SECTION OR INACCURATE READINGS WILL OCCUR CORRECT PROCEDURE

132. INCORRECT MEASURING DO NOT USE CAB MOUNTS AS A REFERENCE POINT DIAMOND FRAME

133. CENTRELINE MISALIGNMENT RESULTING FROM DIAMOND TYPICAL

134. NON-TYPICAL DIAMOND AND SWAY THIS SITUATION IS PRECISELY WHY WE CHECK FOR DIAMOND FIRST

135. - ONCE CHECK FOR DIAMOND IS COMPLETE, INSTALL THE TWO BASE GAUGES, #2 & #3. - COMPARE THEM FOR PARELLEL TO DETERMINE IF A TWIST CONDITION EXISTS - IF THE GAUGES ARE NOT PARALLEL, A TWIST EXISTS CORRECT ALIGNMENT

136. TWISTED STRUCTURE - ALTHOUGH TWIST CAN ONLY EXIST IN THE CENTER SECTION, THE TECHNICIAN CAN ASSUME IT WILL AFFECT THE LEVEL CONDITION OF THE END SECTIONS

137. REMEMBER, TWIST ONLY EXISTS IN THE CENTRE SECTION, ERRORS IN DIAGNOSIS WILL OCCUR IF THIS THOUGHT PLAN IS NOT FOLLOWED!

138. DETERMINING DAMAGE IN THE FRONT OR REAR SECTIONS Out of Level

141. PREDICTABLE AREAS OF DAMAGE

142. KEY AREAS OF GAUGE PLACEMENT DO NOT OMIT THIS GAUGE IF FRONTAL IMPACT IS SUSPECT

143. DO NOT OMIT CROSSMEMBER GAUGE!

144. This is the correct method READ # 1B GAUGE TO THE #2 BASE GAUGE, Correct method of reading the main cross member to the base gauge

145. THEN READ THE 1A GAUGE TO THE 1B GAUGE THIS IS THE CORRECT PROCEDURE

146. TRUE SWAY: NO OTHER DAMAGE AFFECTS CENTRELINE NOTICE THE FRONT SECTION IS OUT OF SQUARE AND DAMAGE CAN ONLY BE CORRECTED BY PULLING LATERALLY

147. DIAMOND CONDITION WILL AFFECT CENTRELINE ON BOTH ENDS OF THE VEHICLE, HOWEVER THIS IS NOT A SWAY CONDITION SINCE PULLING THE DIAMOND- WILL CORRECT CENTRELINE. NO CORRECTION FOR SWAY WILL BE NECESSARY

148. RAIL LENGTH / SHORT RAIL AS ONE SIDE IS SHORTENED BY THE FORCE OF THE COLLISION, IT DISTORTS THE CENTRELINE READING TOWARD THAT SIDE OF THE VEHICLE. AGAIN, THIS IS NOT A TRUE SWAY SINCE PULLING STRAIGHT FORWARD TO RESTORE THE RAIL LENGTH WILL CORRECT THE CENTRELINE

149. OTHER ISSUES THAT CAN CAUSE CENTRELINE MISALIGNMENT

150. SHORT RAIL, CENTRELINE CORRECTION PROCEDURE

151. Note Gauge Position Correct Datum

152. NOTE GAUGE POSITION ON FIRST GAUGE Incorrect datum

153. SUSPENSION / CROSSMEMBER / CRADLE MUST BE GAUGED AND BE LEVEL WITH THE BASE OF THE VEHICLE

154. ANOTHER CRITICAL AREA TO BE GAUGED IS AT THE LOWER CONTROL ARM MOUNTING POINTS

155. MANY NEW VEHICLES HAVE A SUB-FRAME ASSEMBLY THAT CAN SUSTAIN DAMAGE OR MOVEMENT DURING A FRONTAL IMPACT THIS REQUIRES GAUGING AND MEASURING PROCEDURES BE PERFORMED TO ENSURE CORRECT ALIGNMENT OF THESE MEMBERS TO THE UNIBODY STRUCTURE

156. IF A VEHICLE UTILIZES STRUT TYPE SUSPENSION, GAUGING OF THE STRUT TOWERS IS NECESSARY CENTRELINE AND LEVEL ARE CRITICAL

157. CENTRELINE AND LEVEL ARE VERY IMPORTANT

158. THE CROSSMEMBER PIN, ONCE INSTALLED, WILL ACT AS A GUIDE FOR COMPARING CENTRELINE TO THE SELF CENTERING GAUGES

159. IT IS IMPORTANT FOR THE SUSPENSION MOUNTING POINTS TO BE IN THE RIGHT LOCATION IN REGARDS TO DATUM

160. WIDTH AT THE SUSPENSION MOUNTING POINTS IS ANOTHER IMPORTANT AREA OF MEASURMENT THIS CAN BE A DIFFICULT AREA TO DIAGNOSE, AND A TRAM GAUGE WITH LONG POINTERS MAY BE THE RIGHT TOOL

161. USING THE STRUT TOWER GAUGE AS A TOOL FOR MEASURING LOWER BALL JOINTS ON A STRUT TYPE SUSPENSION. USING THE CENTER PIN, MEASURE LEFT AND RIGHT BALL JOINT LOCATIONS OFF OF THE PIN, THIS WILL HELP ESTABLISH SAI (STEERING AXIS INCLINATION) BETWEEN THE UPPER AND LOWER STEERING AXIS POINTS

162. MEASURING LOWER BALL JOINT LOCATION SHOULD ALWAYS BE PERFORMED IN ANY FRONTAL COLLISION. ONCE CHECKED FOR LENGTH, CROSS MEASURE. FULL FRAME

163. THE SAME PROCEDURE GOES FOR SUB FRAME MOUNTED SUSPENSION, CHECK LOCATION OF BALL JOINTS, LENGTH AND CROSS.

164. SEVERE IMPACT TO ONE SIDE OF THE VEHICLE CAN RESULT IN A TWISTED CROSSMEMBER AGAIN, THIS IS WHY INSTALLATION OF GAUGES IN THE CROSS MEMBER AREA IS IMPORTANT TO A PROPER REPAIR PROCEDURE

165. PROPER INSTALLATION OF GAUGES TO DETECT CROSSMEMBER DAMAGE

166. EFFECTS OF

167. REAR IMPACT HAS CAUSED DATUM MISALIGNMENT REAR SECTION IS BELOW DATUM HEIGHT AND THE WHEELHOUSE ARCH IS ABOVE

168. INERTIAL FORCES DEFLECTION THROUGHOUT VEHICLE, RESULTING IN DIRECT AND INDIRECT DAMAGE

169. RESULTING DAMAGE IS EVIDENT AFTER THOROUGH GAUGING IN THIS CASE, THE REAR IMPACT IS TYPICAL WHILE THE FRONT SECTION SUSTAINED VERTICAL DEFLECTION RESULTING IN DATUM MISALIGNMENT

170. TYPICAL DEFLECTION IN A REAR COLLISION

171. TYPICAL CROSS MEASURING AREAS WHEN CHECKING UPPER BODY DIMENSIONS UPPER BODY DIMENSIONS CAN COME FROM SOURCES SUCH AS REPAIR MANUALS, OR BE REFERENCED FROM KNOWN STRUCTURAL AREAS OF THE VEHICLE SUCH AS SEAT BELT MOUNTING POINTS ETC.

172. Upper Body Dimension Chart

173. STRUT TOWER MOUNTING GAUGE CAN BE USEFUL IN MANY LOCATIONS OF THE VEHICLE

174. EXAMPLE OF DAMAGE ANALYSIS SHEET

175. Measurement Tracking Benefits –Completely assess damage –Ability to monitor progress –Determine pulling direction –Results in a more accurate repair

176. Mitchell System Damage Report

177. Mitchell System Tram Dimensions Chart

178. Wedge Clamp Diagnostic Sheet

179. By Using a Diagnostic Sheet, You can Establish a Repair Plan

180. Hein Werner Dimension Sheet DingerHooped

181. Mitchell System Upper Body Dimensions Chart

182. Mitchell CD system