1. Professor Chris Kendall
GEOL 751: Carbonate Petrography University of South Carolina Spring 2005
Professor Chris Kendall
EWS 304
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

2. Precipitated Cements & Diagenesis of Carbonates
Limestones & Dolomites
Tango!

3. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

4. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

5. Carbonate Cement Fabrics
Crust or rims coat grains
Syntaxial overgrowth – optical continuity with skeletal fabric
Echinoid single crystals
Brachiopod multiple crystals
Blocky equant - final void fill
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

6. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

7. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

8. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

9. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall

10. Isopachus Marine Cement
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

11. Isopachus Marine Cement
Carbonate Cement Fabrics
Isopachus Marine Cement
C. G. St. C. Kendall
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

12. Isopachus Marine Cement
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall after RL Folk

13. Isopachus Marine Cement
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

14. Isopachus Marine Cement
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

15. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

16. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
After James
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

17. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
After James

18. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
After James
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

19. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall

20. Belize Reef - Cementation
Botryoidal Aragonite
Marine Cement
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

21. Belize Reef - Cementation
Botryoidal Aragonite
Marine Cement
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

22. Isopachus Marine Cement
Eniwetok
Atoll –
Pleistocene
Isopachus Marine Cement
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall

23. Isopachus Marine Cement
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall

24. Isopachus Marine Cement
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall

25. Isopachus Marine Cement
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall

26. Isopachus Marine Cement
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall

27. Isopachus Marine Cement
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall

28. Isopachus Marine Cement
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall

29. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

30. Isopachus Marine Cement
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall

31. Isopachus Marine Cement
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall

32. Eniwetok Atoll – Pleistocene
Isopachus Marine
Aragonite Cement
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall

33. Magnesium Calcite Blades
Marine Cement Fabrics -
Aragonite Needles
&
Magnesium Calcite Blades
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall

34. Isopachus Marine Cement
After James
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

35. Isopachus Marine Cement
After James
Isopachus Marine Cement
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

36. Eniwetok – Marshal Islands
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall

37. Dry Canyon – Almagordo, NMx
Stromotactis Cavity
Internal Sediment
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

38. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
Canning Basin – Winjana Gorge
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

39. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
Encrusting Renalcis
Canning
Basin –
Winjana
Gorge
Internal Sediment
Amphipora
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall

40. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
Canning Basin – Winjana Gorge
Encrusting Renalcis
Amphipora
Internal Sediment
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall

41. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
Canning Basin – Winjana Gorge
Renalcis Drape
Internal Sediment
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall

42. Canning Basin – Winjana Gorge - Pilara Canning Basin – Winjana Gorge
Amphipora Core
Cement Fill
Renalcis Drape
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

43. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
Canning Basin – Winjana Gorge
Cement Fill
Renalcis Drape
Amphipora Core
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

44. Eniwetok – Pleistocene
Isopachus
Calcite Cement
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

45. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
Canning Basin – Winjana Gorge
Final Cement Fill
Brchiopod Core
Isopachus
Marine Cement
Renalcis Drape
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

46. Isopachus Marine Cement
Canning Basin – Winjana Gorge
Isopachus Marine Cement
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

47. Isopachus Marine Cement
Canning Basin – Winjana Gorge
Isopachus
Marine Cement
Renalcis Drape
Isopachus Marine Cement
Spongue
Internal Sediment
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall

48. Isopachus Marine Cement
Renalcis Drape
Final Cement Fill
Isopachus Marine Cement
C. G. St. C. Kendall
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

49. Canning Basin – Winjana Gorge - Pilara
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

50. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
After Phil Playford
C. G. St. C. Kendall
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

51. Isopachus Marine Cement
Canning Basin – Winjana Gorge - Pilara
Isopachus Marine Cement
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

52. Canning Basin – Winjana Gorge - Pilara
Amphipora Core
Final Cement Fill
Isopachus
Marine Cement
Sediment Fill
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

53. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
After Phil Playford

54. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

55. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

56. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

57. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

58. Isopachus Marine Cement
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall

59. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

60. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
Meniscus Cement
C. G. St. C. Kendall
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

61. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
Arab D – Jurassic
Pendent Cement
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall

62. Eniwetok Atoll – Pleistocene
Halimeda
Isopachus Cement
FW after Marine?
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall

63. Seven Rivers - Permian - Marine Cavity Cements & Sediment
Pendent Cement
Internal Sediment
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall

64. Seven Rivers - Permian - Marine Cavity Cements & Sediment
Pendent Cement
Internal Sediment
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall

65. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
After James
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

66. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

67. Settings of Carbonate Diagenesis - Flow Chart
After James
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

68. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

69. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

70. Ooids - Calcite Fresh Water Cement
Meniscus Cement
C. G. St. C. Kendall
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

71. Ooids – Aragonite Dissolution
C. G. St. C. Kendall
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

72. Radial Ooids – Marine Cement
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

73. Gastropod – Test Preserved
C. G. St. C. Kendall
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

74. Gastropod – Aragonite Marine Cement
C. G. St. C. Kendall
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

75. Gastropod – Dissolution of Test Starts
C. G. St. C. Kendall
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

76. Gastropod – Solution Ghost of Test
C. G. St. C. Kendall
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

77. Gastropod – Cement Fill of Test
C. G. St. C. Kendall
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

78. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall

79. Pleistocene – Eniwetok
Isopachus Cement
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall

80. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
Tertiary – Fusilinids
Isopachus
Marine Cement
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall

81. Guadalupian – West Texas
Fusulinid
Isopachus
Marine Cement
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall

82. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

83. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
After James
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

84. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

85. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
Evaporation
of mixed
Waters
Influx of
Magnesium
Rich
Continental
Ground
Waters
Influx of
sea water
1. Aragonite
2. Gypsum
3. Anhydrite
4. Dolomite
5. Halite
accumulate
in this order
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

86. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

87. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

88. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

89. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall

90. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

91. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

92. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
Smackover
Jurassic
Dolomitized Ooids
Dissolved
Ooids
C. G. St. C. Kendall
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

93. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall

94. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall

95. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall

96. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
Smackover – Alabama
Dolimite Rhombs
Note Ghosts
Of Grains
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall

97. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall

98. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall

99. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
Carbonate
Porosity -
After
Choquette
&
Pray
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall

100. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall

101. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall

102. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

103. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

104. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall

105. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall

106. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
Smackover – Alabama
Blue Epoxy
Ooid Cortex collapse
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

107. Ooid Dissolution with Burial
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

108. Ooid Cortex Collapse with Burial
Ooid Collapse
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

109. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
C. G. St. C. Kendall

110. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
After James
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

111. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

112. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

113. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
Stylolites
Two-dimensional cross-sectonal views of
Dissolution seam(A),
Stylolite (B),
Highly serrate stylolite (C)
Deformed stylolite (D).
A few grains are shown schematically to emphasize the change in scale from the previous figure
(after Bruce Railsback)
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

114. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
Stylolites
Intergranular contacts as seen in thin section
Tangential (A)
flattened (B)
concavo-convex (C)
sutured (D) (after Bruce Railsback)
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

115. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
Stylolites
After Bruce Railsback
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

116. Stylolites
After Bruce Railsback

117. GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis
Lecture Conclusions
Photosynthesis, warm temperatures & low pressures in shallow water enhance carbonate distribution
Carbonate cementation takes place in the depositional setting
Carbonate cementation takes place from water pumped by tides, waves and evaporation of sea water
CCD controls dissolution of carbonate and its recirculation as a cement
Most diagenesis, dolomitization, & cementation of carbonates takes place at the near surface & trace elements can be used in this determination
Carbonate cementation and diagenesis can take place through the burial cycle
Mineralogy & fabric of cements varies with setting and mineralogy of the substrate
Stylolites develop through burial & solution/compaction
GEOL 751 Lecture 6: Cementation & Diagnesis

118. End of the Lecture
Lets go for lunch!!!