1. The San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) An integrated study of a major plate-bounding fault at seismogenic depths Amy Day-Lewis Mark Zoback Department of Geophysics, Stanford University Stephen Hickman U.S. Geological Survey

2. SAFOD A borehole observatory across the San Andreas Fault to directly measure the physical conditions under which earthquakes occur Plate Boundary Observatory A fixed array of GPS receivers and borehole strainmeters to measure real-time deformation on a plate-boundary scale USArray A continental-scale seismic array to provide a coherent 3-D image of the lithosphere and deeper Earth EarthScope – “A New View into the Earth” A. Day-Lewis, CLSI Workshop, Tokyo, October 3-4 2005

3. The site is small,… SAFOD A. Day-Lewis, CLSI Workshop, Tokyo, October 3-4 2005

4. To directly measure the physical and chemical processes that control deformation and earthquake generation within an active, plate- bounding fault zone. …but the goal is big. A. Day-Lewis, CLSI Workshop, Tokyo, October 3-4 2005

5. our target Microseismicity 1984 - 1999, up to M 5, F. Waldhauser & B. Ellsworth). Slip rate inferred from geodetic measurements 1966-1991 (Murray et al. 2001). 19662004 A. Day-Lewis, CLSI Workshop, Tokyo, October 3-4 2005

6. GROUP 1 (10/20/03) GROUP 2 (10/21/03) GROUP 3 (6/27/01?) primary SAFOD target in plane of SAFperpendicular to SAF main SAF repeating micro-earthquakes [Waldhauser, 2004] U.C. Berkeley (HRSN) stations JCN, MMN and VCA S.F.L.A. A. Day-Lewis, CLSI Workshop, Tokyo, October 3-4 2005

7. 1) Test fundamental theories of earthquake mechanics: Determine structure and composition of the fault zone. Measure stress, permeability and pore pressure conditions in situ. Determine frictional behavior, physical properties and chemical processes controlling faulting through laboratory analyses of fault rocks and fluids. 2) Establish a long-term observatory in the fault zone: Characterize 3-D volume of crust containing the fault. Monitor strain, pore pressure and temperature during the cycle of repeating microearthquakes. Observe earthquake nucleation and rupture processes in the near field – are earthquakes predictable? specific objectives 1) Test fundamental theories of earthquake mechanics: Determine structure and composition of the fault zone. Measure stress, permeability and pore pressure conditions in situ. Determine frictional behavior, physical properties and chemical processes controlling faulting through laboratory analyses of fault rocks and fluids. A. Day-Lewis, CLSI Workshop, Tokyo, October 3-4 2005

8. multi-phase approach  Comprehensive Site Characterization C. Thurber, S. Roecker A. Day-Lewis, CLSI Workshop, Tokyo, October 3-4 2005

9.  Comprehensive Site Characterization  Pilot Hole drilled in 2002 to 2.2 km MD/TVD laid the scientific and technical groundwork for SAFOD constrained local geology improved locations of target earthquakes M 2.1 Target Earthquake San Andreas Fault Zone Resistivities: Unsworth & Bedrosian 2004 Earthquake locations: Roecker & Thurber 2004 multi-phase approach A. Day-Lewis, CLSI Workshop, Tokyo, October 3-4 2005

10.  Comprehensive Site Characterization  Pilot Hole  Phase I Main Hole drilled in 2004 vertically to 1.5 km TVD, deviated 55° to 2.5 km TVD intense physical sample collection geophysical logging hydrofracture tests coring M 2.1 Target Earthquake San Andreas Fault Zone multi-phase approach A. Day-Lewis, CLSI Workshop, Tokyo, October 3-4 2005

11.  Comprehensive Site Characterization  Pilot Hole  Phase I Main Hole  Phase II Main Hole drilled in 2005 through the San Andreas Fault Zone to a final depth of 3.1 km TVD On-site mineralogical analysis MWD, LWD, and pipe- conveyed logging spot and sidewall coring San Andreas Fault Zone multi-phase approach A. Day-Lewis, CLSI Workshop, Tokyo, October 3-4 2005

12.  Comprehensive Site Characterization  Pilot Hole  Phase I Main Hole  Phase II Main Hole  Phase III Main Hole dedicated coring phase in 2007 4 multi-lateral cores drilled 250 m from the main hole on site core processing San Andreas Fault Zone multi-phase approach A. Day-Lewis, CLSI Workshop, Tokyo, October 3-4 2005

13.  Comprehensive Site Characterization  Pilot Hole  Phase I Main Hole  Phase II Main Hole  Phase III Main Hole  Multi-stage Observatory 2007-2027 monitor strain, tilt, pore pressure, temperature observe earthquakes in the near-field San Andreas Fault Zone Retrievable geophone, accelerometer, tilt meter, fluid pressure and temperature monitoring array inside casing Fiber optic strain meter cemented behind casing Retrievable geophone, accelerometer and tilt meter inside casing multi-phase approach A. Day-Lewis, CLSI Workshop, Tokyo, October 3-4 2005

14. benefits of this approach Paulsson Geophysical Array PASO Array earthquake locations by Zhang and Thurber A. Day-Lewis, CLSI Workshop, Tokyo, October 3-4 2005

15. In the Field

16. continuous cuttings analysis The mudloggers were the first to recognize SAFOD’s entry into sedimentary rock! granite seds Franciscan X A. Day-Lewis, CLSI Workshop, Tokyo, October 3-4 2005

17. real-time mud gas logging Recognition of shear zones during drilling C isotope, 3 He/ 4 He → fluid origin (e.g., biogenic, mantle-derived) A. Day-Lewis, CLSI Workshop, Tokyo, October 3-4 2005

18. geophysical logging hole orientation hole diameter (caliper) temperature gamma density seismic velocities electrical resistivity electrical and acoustic wellbore images A. Day-Lewis, CLSI Workshop, Tokyo, October 3-4 2005

19. (Boness and Zoback, 2004) shear zones stress relief zones log analysis A. Day-Lewis, CLSI Workshop, Tokyo, October 3-4 2005

20. stress and wellbore stability analysis A. Day-Lewis, CLSI Workshop, Tokyo, October 3-4 2005

21. coring A. Day-Lewis, CLSI Workshop, Tokyo, October 3-4 2005

22. hornblende-biotite granodiorite Phase I core: 1.5 km A. Day-Lewis, CLSI Workshop, Tokyo, October 3-4 2005

23. Phase I core: 2.5 km (top) pebble conglomerate and arkosic sandstones consists almost entirely of granitic debris, very little weathering grains poorly sorted and very poorly rounded grains tightly packed, with abundant grain-to- grain cracking pressure-solution features common matrix filled with crushed and recrystallized phylllosilicates, plus zeolites and carbonates A. Day-Lewis, CLSI Workshop, Tokyo, October 3-4 2005

24. Phase I core: 2.5 km (bottom) Core catcher contents from final run (Run #5, deepest rock cored): Heavily fractured and recemented granite or granite cobble conglomerate Shear Zone fine to very fine siltstone A. Day-Lewis, CLSI Workshop, Tokyo, October 3-4 2005

25. structural, petrologic and geochemical study of deformation and diagenesis mineral transformations and fabrics thermochronolgy (zircons) brittle fracture, deformability, permeability and seismic anisotropy thermal conductivity and radiogenic heat production fluid inclusion volatiles analysis core “Sample Party,” February 2005 A. Day-Lewis, CLSI Workshop, Tokyo, October 3-4 2005

26. Phase II core Inoceramus fossils & bioturbation very fine sandstone, siltstone, and shale photography (flat and 360° scans) & continuous physical property scans A. Day-Lewis, CLSI Workshop, Tokyo, October 3-4 2005

27. one-foot-thick clay-rich zone, with abundant internal shearing (polished surfaces and slickensides) separates siltstone from heavily fractured and recemented granite cobble conglomerate. shear zone at 3,067 m MD A. Day-Lewis, CLSI Workshop, Tokyo, October 3-4 2005

28. on-site mineralogy petrographic examination of grain-mount thin sections XRD and XRF analysis for mineralogy magnetic susceptibility and remanant magnetization heavy mineral separations for high- pressure Franciscan metamorphic minerals All helped identify shear zones & lithologic changes (and the east side of the fault!). A. Day-Lewis, CLSI Workshop, Tokyo, October 3-4 2005

29. real-time decision-making ft MD first mudstone first serpentine change in bedding in image logs major drilling break, gas kick A. Day-Lewis, CLSI Workshop, Tokyo, October 3-4 2005

30. side-wall coring 52 1” cores recovered over open-hole interval (3,066–3,953 m MD) depths selected to best sample lithologic, structural and physical property variations identified in real-time cuttings analysis (optical and XRD) and geophysical well logs, while avoiding highly washed-out zones A. Day-Lewis, CLSI Workshop, Tokyo, October 3-4 2005

31. shales and mudstones Core 23: 3,722 m Core 38: 3,387 mCore 67: 3,126 m Core 58: 3,213 m fine- to coarse-grained sandstones conglomerates (granite cobble?) sidewall core examples A. Day-Lewis, CLSI Workshop, Tokyo, October 3-4 2005

32. 2005 to 2007 repeat logging for casing shear collection of new regional and borehole seismic data to refine the location of the target events data integration to determine the optimum locations for Phase III coring Hypocentroid locations determined by Felix Waldhauser using cross correlation measurements of NCSN waveforms and hypoDD. Red:“S.F.” target Blue:“L.A.” target Green:“S.W.” target Yellow:July 16, 2005 S.F. and August 2, 2005 S.W. A. Day-Lewis, CLSI Workshop, Tokyo, October 3-4 2005

33. 3-Comp. Seismometer Laser Strainmeter Borehole Tiltmeter early monitoring success M 2.8 at 4 km distance A. Day-Lewis, CLSI Workshop, Tokyo, October 3-4 2005

34. Geophysical Research Letters Volume 31 2004 Special Sections on the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth Part 1: Earthquakes and Crustal Structure (no. 12, 10 papers) Part 2: Thermomechanical Setting, Physical Properties and Mineralogy (no. 15, 10 papers) Pilot Hole Results A. Day-Lewis, CLSI Workshop, Tokyo, October 3-4 2005

35. AGU Fall Meeting, Session T11 San Francisco, California December 5–9, 2005 Sponsored by the Tectonophysics and Seismology Sections Conveners: Naomi Boness, Stanford and John Solum, USGS Phase I and II Results physical properties state of stress geochemical analysis of gases and fluids borehole seismic studies mechanical, petrological, structural and microbiological analyses of cuttings and core A. Day-Lewis, CLSI Workshop, Tokyo, October 3-4 2005

36. SAFOD is funded by: National Science Foundation and the EarthScope Project With co-principal investigators: William Ellsworth and Stephen Hickman, U.S. Geological Survey, and Mark Zoback, Stanford University And assistance by: International Continental Scientific Drilling Program A. Day-Lewis, CLSI Workshop, Tokyo, October 3-4 2005