2. LING 303 Phonology I vw

3. Tone [±upper register] [±upper register] For convenience: For convenience: use H for [+upper register] use H for [+upper register] use L for [–upper register] use L for [–upper register]

4. Vocal fold vibration Physical: Fundamental frequency (F0)  rate of vibration of the vocal folds Perceptual: Pitch perceived pitch fundamental freq. [UCLA Phonetics Lab demo]

5. Tsuut’ina (Calgary) zas ‘snow’ zaːs ‘baby’ sɪnɪ ‘I, me’ sɪnɪ ‘my mind’ kunah ‘you are talking’ kunah ‘he is talking’

6. Tsuut’ina (Calgary) zás ‘snow’ zàːs ‘baby’ sɪ́nɪ ‘I, me’ sɪ́nɪsɪ́nɪ̀ sɪ́nɪ ‘my mind’ kúnáh ‘you are talking’ kùnáh ‘he is talking’

7. Dogrib sénǫ̀htsį́į́ díídzę́ k̓é gók̓énédí. sénǫ̀htsį́į́ díídzę́ k̓é gók̓énédí. ásìì házǫ́ǫ̀ ghá másí néts’ííhwhǫ́ ásìì házǫ́ǫ̀ ghá másí néts’ííhwhǫ́ góétį́, gókǫ̀, gónék̓é, éyíts’ǫ́ góétį́, gókǫ̀, gónék̓é, éyíts’ǫ́ ásìì házǫǫ̀ wét’à ts’éédàà ásìì házǫǫ̀ wét’à ts’éédàà xį́ ghá xį́ ghá hótié kóót’é nį́dè hótié kóót’é nį́dè

8. More Athabaskan languages… HareSekani jáʔjàʔ‘louse’ tùtú‘water’ tέʔtèl‘cane’ w̕áʔts̕àʔ‘dish’

9. More Athabaskan languages… Tanacross Tanana tʰéːʒàhtʰèːʒáh‘he left’ ɣìhhàːɬíhháːɬ‘I am going’ tsʰáʔtsʰàʔ‘beaver’ kʰéʔkʰæ̀ʔ‘foot’

10. Ibibio akpa‘expanse of ocean’ akpa‘expanse of ocean’ akpa akpa‘small ant’ akpa‘small ant’ akpa akpa‘first’ akpa‘first’ akpa aku‘priest’ aku‘priest’ aku

11. Ibibio ákp͡á‘expanse of ocean’ ákp͡á‘expanse of ocean’ ákp͡á ákp͡á àkp͡à‘small ant’ àkp͡à‘small ant’ àkp͡à àkp͡à àkp͡á‘first’ àkp͡á‘first’ àkp͡á àkp͡á ákù‘priest’ ákù‘priest’ ákù

12. “level” vs. “contour” Level tone: the pitch does not rise or fall very much during the pronunciation of the syllable. Level tone: the pitch does not rise or fall very much during the pronunciation of the syllable. Contour tone: the pitch rises and/or falls considerably during the production of the syllable. Contour tone: the pitch rises and/or falls considerably during the production of the syllable.

13. Falling contour tone Tsuut’ina (Sarcee): Tsuut’ina (Sarcee): [tsʰûːt’ínà][tsʰûːt’ínà] Ibibio: ákp͡ân‘square woven basket’ ákp͡ân àkp͡ɔ̂‘rubber tree’ àkp͡ɔ̂ Thai: Thai: nâː‘face’nâː

14. Tanacross level tones HighLow t̕éːs‘charcoal’tɬ̕ùːɬ‘rope’ tsʰáʔ‘beaver’sàː‘sun’ kʰónʔ‘fire’tʰùː‘water’ tθ̕éːx‘sinew’sèːkʰ‘saliva’ tẽjʔ‘fly’tʰẽj‘trail’

15. Tanacross contour tones FallingRising tẽ ̂ j‘spring’xĩ ̌ ːθ‘raft’ mâːɣ‘shore’tsε̌tʔ‘blanket’ tʃêk‘berries’tʃʰǒɣʔ‘his quill’ nûːn‘animal’mlǔːkʔ‘his fish’

16. Early studies of tone … used features for contours, e.g.: [±falling] [±falling] [±rising] [±rising]

17. Now, contour tones … are considered sequences of levels falling: H + L falling: H + L rising: L + H rising: L + H

18. Standard Chinese má‘mother’ má‘mother’ má mǎ‘hemp’ mǎ‘hemp’ mǎ mǎ mà‘horse’ mà‘horse’ mà mâ‘scold’ mâ‘scold’ mâ mâ

19. Standard Chinese má‘mother’H má‘mother’H má mǎ‘hemp’LH mǎ‘hemp’LH mǎ mǎ mà‘horse’L mà‘horse’L mà mâ‘scold’HL mâ‘scold’HL mâ mâ