1. Citizen’s Science with JellyWatch
This PPT is designed as a Teacher Tutorial and as an Answer Key to the various species of Hydrozoa that might be used with this activity. Each slide provides an image and information currently available for 26 species of Hydrozoa. Sources for the images and information are also provided in the Notes section of each slide.

2. Proterozoic Eon - Vendian Era (560 MYA)
The current fossil evidence suggests that Jellyfish evolved from the the Tribrachidium heraldicum during the Vendian Era of the Proterozoic Eon approximately 560 MYA. Fossils recovered in the Ediacara Hills of southeastern Australia in 1946.
Images:
Courtesy of UC Museum of Paleontology, Accessed July 31, 2014 at:
Info:
Courtesy of UC Museum of Paleontology, Accessed July 31, at:
Hammond, G "Hydrozoa" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed July 31, 2014 at
“Cnidarians.” Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed July 31, 2014 at
Courtesy of UC Museum of Paleontology, Accessed July 31, at:
Ediacara fauna

3. It is thought that Tribrachidium heraldicum is a common ancestor to Cnidaria (corals, jellies, anemones) or Echinodermata (urchins, seastars).
The former thoughts also posits that these invertebrates branched off into 2 new phyla of organisms: Anthozoans (corals) and Hydrozoans (jellies).
Info:
Courtesy of UC Museum of Paleontology, Accessed July 31, 2014 at:
Courtesy of UC Museum of Paleontology, Accessed July 31, 2014 at:
Image:
Courtesy of UC Museum of Paleontology, Accessed July 31, 2014 at:

4. Four Classes of Hydrozoans
Chondrophorina
Siphonophorae
Hydrozoa
Carybdeids
Chirodropids
Cubozoa
Scyphozoa
True jellies
There are currently between 2700 and 3600 species of Hydrozoans that are classified into these subgroups:
Hydrozoa – most diverse group: siphonophores, hydroids, fire corals, medusae
Cubozoa – box jellies (have complex eyes and dangerous toxins)
Scyphozoa – true jellyfish
Staurozoa – stalked jellyfish
Range in size from 12mm to 2 meters in diameter. Tentacles can be as long as 40 meters.
Info:
Courtesy of UC Museum of Paleontology, Accessed July 31, 2014 at:
Courtesy of UC Museum of Paleontology, Accessed July 31, 2014 at:
Courtesy of UC Museum of Paleontology, Accessed July 31, 2014 at:
Hammond, G "Hydrozoa" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed July 31, 2014 at
“Cnidarians.” Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed July 31, 2014 at
Courtesy of UC Museum of Paleontology, Accessed July 31, 2014 at:
Staurozoa
Stalked jellies

5. Porpita porpita (Blue button) Habitat bay, beach,
Mediterranean sea biome, more
Water depth 4,919 m max
Water temperature degrees C min
28.7 degrees C max
Geographic distribution European waters Gulf of Mexico
Mediterranean Sea
more
Latitude degrees min, 43.7 degrees max
Longitude degrees min, degrees max
Image:
Schuchert, P. (2014). Porpita Lamarck, In: Schuchert, P. (2014) World Hydrozoa database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at on
Info:
“Porpita porpita: Blue button.” Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed July 31, 2014 at:

6. Velella velella (By-the-wind sailor) Habitat bay, beach, island, more
Water depth 2,977 m max Water
Temperature degrees Celsius min degrees Celsius
Geographic distribution - Azores, Belgian Coast, more
Latitude degrees min, degrees max
Longitude -131 degrees mi
Image:
Bryant, Peter J. “Velella velella (By-the-wind-sailor)” Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed July 31, 2014 at:
Info:
Hammock, Jennifer. “Velella velella (By-the-wind-sailor)” Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed July 31, 2014 at: eol.org/pages/ /overview.
Calderon, A "Velella velella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed July 31, 2014 at
Peter J. Bryant

7. (Portugese man-of-war)
Physalia physalis
(Portugese man-of-war)
Habitat bar, bay, beach, more
Water depth 4,976 m max
Water temp degrees Celsius min
27.89 degrees Celsius max
Geographic distribution Atlantic, Atlantic Europe, Australian part of the Bass Strait, more
Latitude degrees min
54.03 degrees max
Longitude degrees min
degrees max
JELLYWATCH DATA: Physalia; Physalia utriculus; Physalia physalis; Man of War
Image:
Michigan Science Art. Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed July 31, 2014 at
Info:
Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed July 31, 2014 at

8. Phialella zappai (NCN)
Geographic distribution East North
Pacific
Image:
“Phialella zappai.” Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed July 31, 2014 at:
Info:
“Phialella zappai.” Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed July 31, 2014 at:

9. Liriope tetraphylla (NCN)
Habitat bay, Mediterranean sea
Biome Tropical
Water depth 2,725 m max
Water temp degrees C min,
28.61 degrees C max
Geographic distribution Azores Exclusive Economic Zone
European waters (ERMS scope)
Gulf of Mexico
more
Latitude degrees min,
50.77 degrees max
Longitude degrees min
degrees max
Image:
Freshwater and Marine Image Bank, University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections
Hargitt, Charles W Medusae of the Woods Hole Region. Washington, DC : Government Printing Office. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries, Vol.24, 1904; Plate V-4. Accessed July 31, 2014 at:
Info:
“Liriope tetraphylla.” Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed July 31, 2014 at:

10. Aglantha digitale (Pink helmet) Habitat: back-arc basin, bay
Water depth: 4938m
Geographic distribution: Arctic Ocean, Barents Sea
Latitude: degrees min 89.4 degrees max
Longitude: -180 degrees min
JELLYWATCH DATA: Aglantha digitale;
Images:
“Aglantha digitale: Pink Helmet.” Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed July 31, 2014 at:
Info:

11. Aequorea victoria (Water jellyfish)
Habitat coast, Mediterranean sea
Biome pelagic zone, more
Water depth 6 m max
Water temp degrees C max
9.97 degrees C min
Geographic distribution Canadian Exclusive Economic Zone [Pacific part]
East North Pacific
FAO fishing area 67, more
Latitude degrees min
53.2 degrees max
Longitude degrees max
-132 degrees min
JELLYWATCH DATA: Aequorea; Aequorea forskalea; Aequorea victoria
Image:
Leo Shapiro. “Aequorea victoria: Water jellyfish.” Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed July 31, 2014 at:
Info:

12. Carukia barnesi (Irukandji)
Range depth: near surface to m.
Habitat Regions: saltwater or marine
Aquatic Biomes: reef; coastal
Geographic distribution: Indo-Pacific
Image:
Schiazza, Luciano. “Irukandji Syndrome.” Accessed July 31, at:
Info:
Patel, V. and S. Ruzi "Carukia barnesi" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed July 31, 2014 at
2009. "Irukandji syndrome" (On-line). Dr. Luciano Schiazza. Accessed July 31, 2014 at

13. (Box jelly or Marine stinger)
Carybdea sivickisi
(Box jelly or Marine stinger)
Habitat: ocean, sea, beach, subtropical, more
Geographic distribution: Central Indo- Pacific, New Zealand Exclusive Economic Zone
Latitude: degrees max, degrees min
Longitude: degrees min, degrees max
Image:
Migotto, Alvaro. “Mature female Carybdea sivickisi squashed like a Chinese lantern, a diurnal resting position. Feeding and mating occur at night.” Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed July 31, 2014 at:
Info:
“Carybdea sivickisi.” Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed July 31, 2014 at:
Alvaro Migotto

14. (Sea wasp or Box Jellyfish)
Chironex fleckeri
(Sea wasp or Box Jellyfish)
Habitat: bay, fresh water, mangrove biome, more
Water depth: 25 m min; 40 m max
Water temp.: degrees C max, degrees C min
Geographic distribution: Australia
Latitude: degrees max, degrees min
Longitude: degrees min, degrees max
Image:
“Box Jellyfish (Chironex fleckeri).” Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed July 31, 2014 at:
Info: “Box Jellyfish (Chironex fleckeri).” Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed July 31, 2014 at:

15. Chiropsalmus quadrumanus (Four-handed box jellyfish)
Habitat Regions: marine
Geographic distribution: Gulf of Mexico, North and West Atlantic (Carolinian, Cape Hatteras through Florida)
Image:
Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed July 31, 2014 at
Info:
Collins, Allen G. (2014). Chiropsalmus quadrumanus (F. Muller, 1859). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at on

16. Aurelia aurita (Moon jellyfish)
Habitat Regions: saltwater or marine
Aquatic Biomes: reef; lakes & ponds, coastal; warm tropical waters
Geographic distribution: Indian, Atlantic, Pacific Oceans
JELLYWATCH DATA: Aurelia aurita; Aurelia; Moon jelly
Image:
Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed July 31, 2014 at
Info:
Rodriguez, R "Aurelia aurita" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed July 31, 2014 at

17. Aurelia labiata (Moon jellyfish)
Depth Range: 0 – 1000m
Habitat Regions: Temperate - bays, harbors
Aquatic Biomes: coastal and pelagic
Geographic distribution: Pacific Ocean, San Diego to Alaska
Image:
Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed July 31, 2014 at
Info:
MacMullan, C "Aurelia labiata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed July 31, 2014 at

18. (Upside-down jellyfish)
Cassiopea xamachana
(Upside-down jellyfish)
Range depth: Shallow Areas (low) m
Biogeographic Regions: Atlantic Ocean (native), Pacific ocean & Mediterranean Sea (introduced)
Habitat Regions: tropical, saltwater or marine
Aquatic Biomes: Benthic, reef
Image:
Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed July 31, 2014 at
Info:
Post, M. and P. Sacca "Cassiopea xamachana" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed July 31, 2014 at

19. Chrysaora fuscescens (Sea nettle)
Range depth: Epipelagic
Biogeographic Regions: Japan, Siberia, Alaska to Mexico, common in central California & Oregon
Habitat Regions: pelagic on open coast
Aquatic Biomes: Benthic, reef
Image: (Photo by:  Dave Cowles, August 2010)
Cowles, Dave. Chrysaora fuscensens. Accessed July 31, 2014 at:
Info:
Dave Cowles

20. Chrysaora hysoscella (Compass jellyfish) Range depth: 30 to 2 meters
Geographic Regions: Celtic, Irish, North Seas, Mediterranean Sea, South Africa
Habitat Regions: Temperate, saltwater, marine
Aquatic Biomes: Pelagic, coastal
Latitude: 50.0 degrees to 52 degrees North
Image:
Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed July 31, 2014 at
Info:
Dawson, K. and C. Giordano "Chrysaora hysoscella" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed July 31, 2014 at

21. Chrysaora quinquecirrha
(Sea nettle)
Geographic Regions: Indian & Atlantic (native), Pacific (introduced)
Habitat Regions: Temperate, Tropical, saltwater, marine, estuarine, intertidal
Aquatic Biomes: Coastal, brackish water
Image:
Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed July 31, 2014 at
Info:
Lanier, N "Chrysaora quinquecirrha" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed July 31, 2014 at

22. Craspedacusta sowerbyi (Freshwater jellyfish)
Geographic Region: Nearctic
Habitat Regions: Temperate, tropical, freshwater
Aquatic Biomes: Lakes and ponds, rivers and streams
Image:
Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed July 31, 2014 at
Info:
Erwin, A "Craspedacusta sowerbyi" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed July 31, 2014 at

23. Cyanea arctica or capillata
(Lion’s mane)
Geographic Regions: Atlantic & Pacific (native)
Habitat Regions: Cooler regions of Atlantic, Pacific, North Sea, and Baltic Sea
Aquatic Biomes: Pelagic & Benthic
Image:
Northern Light Charters, Achnacraig, Achindarroch, Duror, Argyll PA38 4BS. Accessed July 31, 2014 at
Info:
Naylor, B "Cyanea capillata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed July 31, 2014 at

24. (Kaleidoscope jellyfish)
Haliclystus auricula
(Kaleidoscope jellyfish)
Biogeographic Regions: Northern Pacific Ocean
Habitat Regions: Eelgrass beds
Aquatic Biomes: Cool coastal, estuarine
Image:
Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed July 31, 2014 at
Info:
Naik, S "Haliclystus auricula" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed July 31, 2014 at

25. Linuche unguiculata (Thimble jellyfish) Range depth: 0 – 5000m
Biogeographic Regions: Western, Tropical Atlantic, West Indies & Bahamas
Habitat Regions: Tropical, saltwater, marine
Aquatic Biomes: Pelagic
Image:
Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed July 31, 2014 at
Info:
DuBay, M "Linuche unguiculata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed July 31, 2014 at

26. Mastigias papua (Golden medusa)
Range depth: 1m
Biogeographic Regions: Indian Ocean, China Sea to Japan, Pacific Ocean
Habitat Regions: Temperate, saltwater, marine
Aquatic Biomes: Pelagic, coastal
Image:
Dawson, M.N., Jellyfish Feature. How the Jellyfish Lost Its Spots Accessed July 31, 2014 at:
Info:
Dawson, M.N., Jellyfish Feature. How the Jellyfish Lost Its Spots Accessed July 31, at:
Chang, Y "Mastigias papua" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed July 31, 2014 at
M. N Dawson

27. (Purple-striped jellyfish)
Pelagia noctiluca
(Purple-striped jellyfish)
Range depth: 1m
Biogeographic Regions: Mediterranean and Atlantic Ocean
Habitat Regions: Temperate, pelagic, coastal, benthic
Aquatic Biomes: Pelagic, coastal
Image:
Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed July 31, 2014 at
Info:
Leverenz, E "Pelagia noctiluca" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed July 31, 2014 at

28. Periphylla periphylla (Crown or Helmet jellyfish)
Range depth: 0 – 1000m
Biogeographic Regions: All but the Arctic
Habitat Regions: Temperate, Tropical, Polar, saltwater, marine
Aquatic Biomes: Pelagic
Image:
Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed July 31, 2014 at
Info:
Singichetti, B "Periphylla periphylla" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed July 31, 2014 at

29. (White-spotted jellyfish)
Phyllorhiza punctata
(White-spotted jellyfish)
Biogeographic Regions: Australia, Hawaii, Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico (introduced)
Habitat Regions: Tropical, saltwater, estuarine, harbors, bays
JELLYWATCH DATA: Acromitus flagellatus;
Image:
Guidebook of Introduced Marine Species of Hawaii. Hawaii Biological Survey, Bishop Museum Accessed July 31, at:
Info:
Phyllorhiza punctata (Australian Spotted Jelly). Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce Accessed July 31, 2014 at:

30. Stomolophus meleagris (Cannonball jellyfish)
Biogeographic Regions: Atlantic & Pacific Ocean, Sea of Japan, South China Sea
Habitat Regions: Tropical, saltwater, marine
Aquatic Biomes: Coastal, estuarine
Image:
Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed July 31, 2014 at
Info:
Afford, H. and T. Patel "Stomolophus meleagris" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed July 31, 2014 at
Jo O'Keefe

31. Thalassocalyce inconstans (Ctenophore)
Biogeographic Regions: Gulf of Mexico, West North Atlantic
Habitat Regions: Bay, Marine
Latitude: degrees min; degrees max
Longitude: degrees max degrees min
Image:
Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed July 31, 2014 at
Info:
Wright, J "Ctenophora" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed July 31, 2014 at
WoRMS (2014). Thalassocalyce inconstans Madin & Harbison, Accessed July 31, 2014 through: World Register of Marine Species at on

32. Jellyfish Life Cycle Image:
Smithsonian Ocean Portal. Ocean Portal: Find Your Blue. Jellyfish Lifecycle and Reproduction Accessed July 31, 2014 at:

33. This infographic provides one option for students to use to communicate their findings during their Jellyfish Investigation.

34. This sample rubric can be used in the assessment of this infographic