1. Human Growth
& Development

2. List a developmental milestone in human growth & development

3. What is the relevance? Medical professionals need to understand stages
of growth of development.
Growth ~ refers to the measurable physical changes that occur throughout a person’s life.
Development ~ refers to the changes in intellectual, mental emotional, social and functional skills that occur over time

4. What is the relevance?
Different periods of life present unique challenges, changes, and problems.
How one handles those challenges influences their health and the next stage in their lives.

5. Growth and Development
Each phase of growth and development contains four major parameters
Physical development
Intellectual-cognitive development
Psycho-emotional development
Social development

6. Physical Development Bodily changes Often times measurable
Height / weight
Muscle development
Changes in body organs

7. Intellectual-Cognitive Development
Thinking skills
Learning how to solve problems
Make judgments
Deal with situations

8. Psycho-Emotional Development
Changes in feelings
Love
Hate
Joy
Fear
Excitement

9. Social Development Interactions and relationships with other people
Family
Friends
Business associates

10. Growth and Development
Each of these parameters contain numerous developmental milestones.
Developmental Milestones ~ significant points in the growth process

11. Developmental Milestones
Progress from the simple to the more complex
Person learns to sit, then crawl, then stand , then walk, and then run
Children learn “gross” motor skills such as walking first then learn “fine” motor skills such as using a crayon

12. Principles of Growth and Development
Each stage establishes the foundation for the next stage.
Stages proceed in an orderly pattern
****However, the rate of progress varies among individuals.*****
Health care providers must understand that each life stage creates certain needs in individuals.

13. Principles of Growth & Development
- Development is influenced by genetics
Genes ~ units of hereditary material contained in human cells
Each person’s set of genes is unique
Environment also influences an individual
Do you believe we are more a product of our environment, our heredity, or both? Why?
Discuss your stance with your neighbor

14. Miracle of life Part 1

15. At what point do you believe that a fertilized egg becomes a “person”?

16. Conception through Teenage Years
Pregnancy lasts 10 lunar months (40 weeks/ 9 calendar months/ days)
Consists of 3 trimesters of 3 months each(1st, 2nd, 3rd)
(Below: Fetus at 16 weeks)
(Conception)

17. Growth and Development During Each Trimester
Length of Time
Growth and Development
First Trimester
Conception through third month
Development of major organ systems
Second Trimester
Fourth through sixth month
Refinement of organ systems
Third Trimester
Seventh through ninth month
Weight gain and maturation

18. The First Trimester
First Trimester

19. Key Terms (First Trimester)
Ovum ~ human egg of the female
About the size of a pencil dot on paper
Sperm ~ male reproductive cell
Too small to see with the human eye
Conception = Fertilization
Union of the nuclei of the egg and the sperm
Fallopian tube ~ tube that extends from the uterus to the ovary

20. Ovary, Fallopian Tube, Uterus

21. What Happens the First Trimester?
Conception occurs when one sperm, traveling with millions of other sperm, penetrates the ovum.
Conception occurs in the first third of the fallopian tube

22. Timing is Everything
In the female ovulation occurs at midcycle , around day 14.
The egg lives for about 24 hours after ovulation.
Sperm usually live between 12 and 48 hours.
(some survive up to 72 hours)
Female sperm live longer *

23. Timing is Everything
For fertilization to occur, sexual intercourse must take place around the time of ovulation, generally no earlier than 72 hours before ovulation and no later than 24 hours after ovulation.
Reflex ovulators ~ women who ovulate in response to having intercourse
Rabbits are reflex ovulators

24. How Fertilization Occurs
During intercourse, about million sperm are released.
Only about 100,000 survive the acidic environment of the vagina.
Sperm swim through the uterus and into the fallopian tube towards the egg.
Within 1-2 hours they are gathered around the egg.

25. How Fertilization Occurs
One (and only one) sperm penetrates the egg and unites with the nuclei of the egg.
Zygote ~ fertilized egg *

26. How Fertilization Occurs
The single-cell zygote has 46 chromosomes, 23 from the egg and 23 from the sperm.
The zygote begins to divide, forming clusters of cells that slowly makes its way through the fallopian tube toward the uterus. (3-5 days)
The cells (morula) look like a cluster of grapes with a root like structure on the back which will become the placenta.

27. How Fertilization Occurs
When this cluster of cells reaches the uterus, it implants itself into the plush lining, where it grows and develops into a human being with billions of cells.
Implantation ~ embryo adheres to uterus lining.
Implantation occurs when the cluster attaches itself into the upper rear wall of the uterus

29. How Fertilization Occurs
Amniotic sac develops over this group of cells
A membrane that surrounds the fetus
The outer group of cells starts to develop into a shape that is the head and a tail
Embryo ~ human being growing in the uterus from the time of conception to about the eighth week.

30. How Fertilization Occurs

31. the great sperm race

32. Pro life or Pro Choice? Why???
****JUST AS YOU HAVE YOUR OWN OPINION, SO DO OTHERS!
RESPECT THEIRS AS WELL!!****

34. The First Trimester
21-25 days, a heart begins to beat and nervous system starts to develop!
4 weeks: embryo is ¼“ long
Arm buds bulge
Consists of head, body, and tail
Eyes and ears can be detected
5 weeks: a nose is visible
6 weeks: almost ½”, floating in amniotic sac
Leg buds appear
7 weeks: ¾” and can move hands
Fingers are defined, organs are visible, skull bones are growing.
Embryo at 3 wks
Embryo at 7 wks

35. The End of the 1st Trimester
8 weeks: almost 1”, liver is large, bones are forming, testes and ovaries are distinguishable
At 8 weeks, developing infant is called a fetus
10 weeks: 1 ½”– 2”, kidneys produce urine, lower trunk muscles develop
About to end the 1st trimester
baby peeing in womb
Fetus at 10 weeks

36. The 2nd Trimester
12 weeks: begins the 2nd trimester; head is 1/3 of the entire length, ribs can be seen, hair begins to grow
16 weeks: 4 ½” long, weighs 3-4 oz; human looking face, testicles of males position for descent. (can tell sex of fetus)
Mother feels fetal movements, known as “quickening”
Fetus blinks and begins sucking
Heartbeat can be heard with fetal instruments (fetal doppler)
Hearing fetus heartbeat
Fetus at 14 weeks
Fetal doppler

37. 2nd Trimester (cont.)
20-24 weeks: 12” long, major systems continue to develop, bones continue to form.
Fetus may suck its thumb
Eyes remain sealed closed
Survival at this point of pregnancy is unlikely
Fetus ~ end of 8th week till birth

39. 3rd Trimester 28 Weeks: 14” and 2.5 lbs
Viable with an increased threat from infection & immaturity
Major developments in 3rd tri: weight gain, growth in length, & maturation of organs
Although viable, best place for growth & development is the uterus!
38-40 weeks = FULL TERM
Fetal influences: whatever the mother consumes (alcohol, drugs, and tobacco can harm infant even in small amounts)
fetus growth

40. The Placenta Disc shaped structure about 7” in diameter and 1” thick.
Highly vascular
Site where nutrients and waste are exchanged between mother and baby.
Oxygen, food and other nutrients diffuse from the mother’s blood to the embryo’s
Carbon dioxide and other waste diffuse from the embryo’s blood into the mother’s blood to be excreted.
placenta images