1. Circulation

2. Bridge to Recovery In The News

3. Circulation Movement of fluid through an organism Circulatory system
Transport system
Uses fluid to move substances

4. No Circulatory Systems
In simple organisms in moist environments

5. Open Circulatory Systems

6. Closed Circulatory Systems

8. Human Circulatory System
Heart – muscular pump
Blood vessels
Network of tubes
Closed system
Blood

9. Cardiovascular System
Heart & blood vessels
Transport functions
Nutrients
Wastes
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Temperature maintenance
Hormone circulation

10. Nutrient & Waste Transport
Absorbed nutrients to liver for processing
Liver releases glucose into bloodstream
Transports amino acid building blocks
Transfers nitrogenous waste to kidney

11. Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide Transport
Cells require oxygen
Cells produce carbon dioxide
Blood carries gasses to & from lungs

12. Temperature Maintenance
Heat is constantly produced by cells
Blood distributes heat
Brain regulatory center (hypothalamus) maintains homeostasis
Surface vessels constrict to conserve heat
Surface vessels dilate to dissipate heat

14. Hormone Circulation Hormones are chemical messengers
The circulatory system is the highway
within which hormones travel through
out the body, from their site of production
to the target tissues that are capable of
responding to them.

15. Blood Circulatory Vessels
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins

16. Arteries & Arterioles Carry blood away from heart
Aorta leaves heart (largest artery)
Aorta branches into other arteries
Arteries branch into arterioles
Arterioles are smaller in diameter

17. Walls of Arteries

18. Capillaries Connect arterioles & venules One cell thick walls
Blood cells move through single file
Site of diffusion of gasses, nutrients, & wastes

19. Capillary Beds Sphincters regulate blood flow
Capillaries found throughout tissue

20. Veins & Venules Capillaries empty into venules
Venules merge into larger veins
Return blood toward the heart

21. Valves Found in veins Prevent backflow of blood
Varicose veins result from incompetent valves

22. Heart Pump of the circulatory system Human heart has two pumps
Each side has two chambers
Atrium above
Ventricle below

23. Circulatory Pathways

24. Heart Valves Prevent backflow of blood Semilunar valves
Pulmonary & aortic
Between ventricle & artery
Atrioventricular valves
Between atrium and ventricle
Right-tricuspid
Left-bicuspid

25. Heart Contractions Depends on autorhythmic cells in heart
Sinoatrial node – starts heartbeat (pacemaker)
located in upper wall of right atria
Atrioventricular node-located at base of rt. atria
Atrioventricular bundle – in septum, 2 branches
Purkinje fibers-in ventricular walls
Cells fire in order

27. Monitoring Heartbeat Heartbeat Ways to monitor
Cycle of contraction & relaxation
Ways to monitor
Stethoscope-lubb and dupp sounds
Monitor blood pressure
Ventricular diastole – relaxation
Ventricular systole – contraction
Electrocardiogram
P wave-atria contract, ventricles relax
QRS wave-ventricles contract, atria relax
T wave-electrical changes that precede ventricular
contraction

28. Blood Pressure Measured in millimeters of mercury
Normal blood pressure
Less than 120 over 80
Hypertension
High blood pressure
Over 140 over 90
Risk of heart attack, stroke, heart failure
Prehypertension
120 to 139 over 80 to 89

29. Electrocardiogram

30. Blood
Plasma
Cells
Platelets

31. Plasma Mostly water Dissolved substances
Nutrients, hormones, gases, wastes
Salts & ions
electrolytes (Ca, Mg, Zn, K) serve
3 functions:
Proteins-helps balance osmotic pressure between cells and blood. Examples include
serum albumin, antibodies, fibrinogen, & prothrombin

32. Blood Cells & Platelets
Suspended in plasma
Types of formed elements
Red blood cells = erythrocytes
White blood cells = leukocytes
Platelets

34. Platelets
Cell fragments
Important for clotting or coagulation

35. Lymphatic System One way circulatory system toward heart
Returns lost fluid to blood
Picks up material from tissue
Cleans material

36. Lymph Nodes
Activates immune response
Cleans lymph

37. Other Lymphatic Organs
Spleen
Destroys old blood cells
Has emergency blood supply
Filters blood
Thymus
Matures T-cells for immune system

38. Atherosclerosis Thickening & hardening of artery walls
Accumulation of plaque
Can block blood, increase pressure

39. Heart Attack Most common cause of death in U.S.
Insufficient blood supply to heart muscle
May be result of blood clot
Warning signs of heart attack
Tightness in center of chest
Pain in neck, shoulder or arms
Lightheadedness, nausea, sweating, shortness of breath

40. Angina Pectoris Chest pain Caused by similar reasons as heart attack
Reduced blood flow
Does not kill heart muscle

43. Stroke Interference with blood supply to brain
Can cause weakness, numbness, paralysis or Death

44. End chapter 29