2. How to format your citation In the second half of his instructions to the flash mob volunteers, the narrator anticipates that after singing and raising signs to win her back, “Deborah will break [his] heart yet again” (Monks 18). NO Period AUTHOR’S LAST NAME SPACE Page Number (NEVER write p./pg./page) Period goes AFTER the parenthetical SPACE

3. How to format your citation Ironically, at the very end of his instructions, the narrator insists that “things are really starting to look up for [him],” even though he’s just predicted that his plan to win Deborah back will fail (Monks 18). Notice that the page citation ALWAYS goes at the END of the sentence, even if the quote comes early in the sentence.

4. When does a citation NOT go at the end of the sentence? Big Foot believes he will “never be the same again” (Green 45) unless he is reunited with Sheila, his first sasquatch love, because she always made him feel like more than just “some horrible, hairy beast” (68). Notice this sentence weaves direct quote details from TWO different page numbers.

5. HANDY TOOLS to help you weave details with ease

6. 1.) BRACKETS [ ] Brackets can be used to make alterations to quotes for the following reasons: A) to change a verb’s tense in a quote so that it is consistent with your sentence B) to change a pronoun so that it matches the POV you are writing with C) to change a pronoun so the subject or character’s name is clear to the reader D) to change a capital letter to lowercase if the detail starts a sentence in the original text

7. Original Quote: “I’ll be curled up and crying by the rhododendron bush.” Tense change using Brackets: Even before his plan to reunite with Deborah begins, in his instructions, the narrator predicts that he may need to “[curl] up and [cry] by the rhododendron bush” (Monks 18). A) BRACKETS CAN HELP YOU KEEP VERB TENSE CONSISTENT Brackets come in handy because when we write about literature, we want to use the PRESENT TENSE!

8. B) USING BRACKETS TO CHANGE A PRONOUN TO MAKE IT THIRD PERSON POV Original Quote: “Really hot-looking women are encouraged to walk with me, hold my hand, and act like I’m their new boyfriend.” Pronoun Change Using Brackets: When the narrator instructs attractive women to “walk with [him], hold [his] hand, and act like [he’s] their new boyfriend,” it reveals how truly desperate and insecure he feels (Monks 17).

9. C) USING BRACKETS TO CHANGE OR CLARIFY A PRONOUN FOR THE READER Unless the antecedent of this “they” is mentioned in an earlier sentence, this pronoun could be unclear to the reader. Who is they? The pitcher told the reporter, "It's quite simple—they played a better game, scored more runs, and that's why we lost.”

10. C) USING BRACKETS TO CLARIFY A PRONOUN FOR THE READER The pitcher told the reporter, "It's quite simple—[the LTHS Cavaliers] played a better game, scored more runs, and that's why we lost.” What’s in the brackets replaces the confusing pronoun “they”

11. BRACKET GUIDELINES NEVER use a bracket to change an author’s meaning or intent. You can only clarify the grammar or pronoun of what’s already on the page. Frustrated by his recent dating experiences, Robert turns to the TransWorld Dating Agency and is set up on a date with Glena, a Neanderthal woman who is “barrel-chested [and] not much taller than a stack of tree stumps” (Galef 19). We can’t do this. The author didn’t write the word “and” in the text.

12. BRACKET GUIDELINES NEVER use a bracket to change an author’s meaning or intent. You can only clarify the grammar or pronoun of what’s already on the page. Frustrated by his recent dating experiences, Robert turns to the TransWorld Dating Agency and is set up on a date with Glena, a Neanderthal woman who is “barrel-chested” and “not much taller than a stack of tree stumps” (Galef 19). We can do this! Use your own words to make a bridge between two direct quotes.

13. BRACKET GUIDELINES If it seems like you’re using a lot of brackets: Rethink your quote choice. Would this information be easier to paraphrase in your own words? Use only the portion of the quote detail that you don’t need to change.

14. Let’s say we were using this quote detail: Original Quote from “Us and Them”: “This was one of the things you were supposed to learn simply by being alive, and it angered me that the Tomkeys did not understand it.”

15. This quote weave has some issues that need solving This quote weave has some issues that need solving. Weave Without Brackets: David harshly judges the family for trick-or- treating on November first and even admits that it “angered me that the Tomkeys did not understand it” (Sedaris 2). Your Turn – Rewrite this quote weave using brackets to fix the following: 1)a verb that needs to change tense 2)a pronoun that needs a POV change 3)a pronoun that needs to be clarified

16. What needs fixing? Weave Without Brackets: David harshly judges the family for trick-or- treating on November first and even admits that it “angered me that the Tomkeys did not understand it” (Sedaris 2). We want to write about literature in the PRESENT tense but the text uses PAST tense

17. What needs fixing? Weave Without Brackets: David harshly judges the family for trick-or- treating on November first and even admits that it “angered me that the Tomkeys did not understand it” (Sedaris 2). We want to write about literature in THIRD person POV but the text uses FIRST person POV

18. What needs fixing? Weave Without Brackets: David harshly judges the family for trick-or- treating on November first and even admits that it “angered me that the Tomkeys did not understand it” (Sedaris 2). It could be unclear to the reader what the pronoun “it” refers to

19. FIXED USING BRACKETS David harshly judges the family for trick-or- treating on November first and even admits that it “anger[s] [him] that the Tomkeys did not understand [the traditional date]” (Sedaris 2).

20. OR…a better option: Use less of the quote and paraphrase David harshly judges the family for trick-or- treating on November first and even admits that it “anger[s] [him] that the Tomkeys did not understand” the tradition of celebrating the holiday on the same day as everyone else (Sedaris 2).

21. 2.) ELLIPSIS... An ellipsis is three dots … It tells reader that you have skipped some unnecessary parts of the detail you are quoting. An ellipsis is not needed when you quote words or phrases from a longer sentence. It’s mainly used when: –You skip unnecessary information from the MIDDLE of a quote

22. Original Quote "The red car came to a screeching halt that was heard by nearby pedestrians, but no one was hurt.” YOUR TURN – What part of this quote could be skipped with an ellipses? USE AN ELLIPSIS WHEN YOU WANT TO SKIP THE MIDDLE OF A LONGER QUOTE

23. Original Quote "The red car came to a screeching halt that was heard by nearby pedestrians, but no one was hurt.“ With Ellipses "The red car came to a screeching halt…,but no one was hurt.“ USE WHEN YOU WANT TO SKIP THE MIDDLE OF A LONGER QUOTE Notice that losing this information does not change or interfere with the meaning of the quote

24. Original Quote "The red car came to a screeching halt that was heard by nearby pedestrians, but no one was hurt.” With Ellipses "The red car came to a screeching halt…,but no one was hurt.“ USE AN ELLIPSIS WHEN YOU WANT TO SKIP THE MIDDLE OF A LONGER QUOTE Notice, the comma remains

25. ELLIPSES GUIDELINES 1.You should never use the ellipsis to delete or change information that is essential to understanding the writer’s intent. Original movie reviewer quote “While full of action and explosions, Transformers II is a roller coaster ride that leaves you feeling bored and tired.” Quote used in TV ad “…full of action and explosions, Transformers II is a roller coaster ride…!”

26. DON’T USE AN ELLIPSES TO CHANGE A QUOTE’S MEANING/WRITER’S INTENT Original quote from “Group Mobilization” “If I find that a better-looking-than-me guy in a sad clown mask is still better-looking than me, I will ask him to leave.” Use of Ellipses that CHANGES the meaning “If I find…a better-looking-than-me guy…, I will ask him to leave.” 26/28

27. ELLIPSES GUIDELINES 2.You don’t need an ellipsis if using only words or phrases from a longer quote detail. The narrator warns that attractive men who attempt to “…take advantage of the situation…” as a way to get close to Deborah will not be tolerated (18). 27/28 These … are not necessary because it’s a short phrase.

28. ELLIPSES GUIDELINES 3.You can’t use an ellipsis to combine quotes from different sentences or paragraphs. But you can do this: while the next he’s warning that The narrator’s inner conflict can even be seen in how he describes Deborah in his instructions. One moment he’s complimenting her “magnificent emerald green eyes” while the next he’s warning that “her ugly side will soon be on display for all to see” (18). 28/28 Use your own words (ELABORATION) to bridge quote details from different sentences together.