1. EKT 120/4 : Computer Programming
By:
Mr. Mohd. Nazrin Md. Isa
Contact me at :

2. General Information Syllabus – refer handout Contributes 4 units:
2 hours - lectures
4 hours – lab and tutorial
Main Objective:
Students can independently write a computer program to solve calculation problems, especially those related to engineering

3. Overall Evaluation 4 main components: Assignments (30%)
1st & 2nd Test (15% +25%)
Group Mini-project (30%)
Assignments are individual lab
The two tests are written tests
Project : Max number of group member is 2

4. References
Text Book
“ C Programming for Engineering & Computer Science ” H.H.Tan and T.B.Orazio, Mc Graw Hill, 1999.
References
“C Programming”, Deitel & Deitel
“Problem Solving and Programming Concept”, Maureen Sprankle, 6th Ed.
Any other C books
WWW

5. Notes
This course is NOT about the language per se, it’s about problem solving / analytical skills & to apply C to solve problems.
Write C program in Linux environment
Please do early reading
Do not hesitate to ask during lecture sessions

6. Outline General Problem Solving Concept
The six Steps in Problem Solving
Problem Solving Concepts for the Computer
Computer Fundamental
Data - Constant and Variable
Data Type
Problem Solving Tool
Problem Analysis Chart
Structured Chart
IPO Chart
Algorithm
Pseudocode and Flowchart
Software
System Software
Application Software

7. General Problem Solving Concept
People make decisions every day that affect their lives.
Problems that we encounter every day may be important or not so important (not so affected to our lives)
Generally there are six (6) steps in problem solving.
Identify the Problem: What is the problem – in the classroom usually problem is identified for you
Understand the problem
Identify alternative ways to solve the problem
Select the best way to solve the problem
List the instruction that enable you yo solve the problem
Evaluate the solution

8. Understand the Problem
Understand what is involved in the problem.
knowledge base of the person or machine resources.
For e.g. if for a person, we must know what the person knows. Different set of instruction need to be given for a different person, depending on the knowledge base.
E.g Direction of a place.

9. Identify Alternative way
Identify several way, how to solve the problem, but all this alternative way might suitable to some people but not to some other people.
E.g. Direction to KWSP from Jejawi

10. Select the best way of the alternative solution
Here need to identify and evaluate the pros and cons of each possible solution.
Thus, we need to identify the criteria for the evaluation as these criteria will serve as a guidelines for the evaluation.
E.g. Which is the fastest and shortest way to KWSP from Jejawi.

11. List the Instructions
List down the step-by-step numbered instruction enable to solve the problem using the selected solution.
All the instruction should be understand by the targeted person or the machine.
E.g
1. go straight
2. Will pass through round about
3. Take 12 o’clock
4. Up further, Until you reach junction with traffic light (where a police station on your right)
5. Take left.
6. You will reach another junction, and take right.
7. Go straight, you will see the KWSP building on your right.
8. Go up further untill you reach a round abou and make U turn
9. Go further until you reach KWSP building
End

12. Evaluate the Solution Check the result: Correct or not.
Satisfy the need of the person or not
Note: the result may be correct but not satisfy the person
E.g
The steps you have directed the person might be right, but the person does not drive.

13. Example – A problem What to do this evening
Identify the problem: How do individual wish to spend the evening.
Understand The problem:
Knowledge base of people involve must be considered
So solution selected should be that everyone involved would know haw to do.
E.g we select play chess might not possible if the participants does not know how to play chess.

14. Continue … Identify alternative
Watch television, Invite friends over, Play games, go outing. Complete the list until you can’t find any more alternatives.
Select the best way to solve the problem
Vote out alternatives that are not suitable, such as costly, do not interest one of individual involve etc.
Prepare the list of instruction.
Evaluate the solution. Everybody satisfy with the solution. Are we having fun? Etc.

15. Types of Problems
Algorithmic Solution – problem can be solved with a series of actions. So once we eliminate the alternatives and have chosen one best methods, these steps are called algorithm.
Heuristic Solution – Problem with solutions require reasoning built on knowledge and experience, and a process of trial and error. Ussually use in the Artificial Intelligent software or Expert system softwware.

16. Problem Solving with Computer
Solution means the instructions that must follow to produce the best results.
Results mean the outcome or completed computer – assisted answer.
Program means the set of instructions that make up the solution after they have been coded into a particular computer language.

17. Problem Solving Concept with Computer
Computer Fundamental
CPU – where all the processing take place
Memory – store all data currently processed, before program can be execute, program must be loaded into memory
Input Device – Device use to input data to be processed into computer
Output Device – Device use to display processed data (output)
Secondary Memory – Store permanent data (can be as output device.
CPU
Output Device
Input Device
Main Memory
Secondary Memory

18. Problem Solving Concept For Computer
Problem that can be solve with computers generally consist of three:
Computational – problem with mathematical processing
Logical – problem involving with relational or logical processing. This is kind of processing involve in decision making.
Repetitive – problem involving repeating a set of mathematical or logical instructions.

19. Constant and Variable (Data)
The most fundamental concept of problem solving for computer
Computer use constant and variable to solve problem. They are actually the data used in the processing.
Constant:
Value that never changes during the processing of all the instructions.
Can be any type of data – numerical, alphabetical, or special symbols.
constant is given a location in memory or a name.
During the execution of the instructions (a program) this constant is given a value and then is referred to by its name.
Once the constant is given a value it cannot be changed during the execution of the program.
Example Pi = 3.14

20. Continue … Variable: Value of a variable may changed during processing
Variable must have a name
Programmer uses the variable name as a reference name for a specific value of a variable.
the computer uses the name as a reference to access that value in the computer memory

21. Example Constant And Variable
Rule: Cannot be change.
Example:
Value:
Named Constant: Cannot be changed after initially given a value. Storage Loacation has a name
Example: Pi
Value
Rule:
Storage lacation given name
Values of the content can be change.
Refered by name in the instruction.
Example
Variable Name – Age
Variable Name - Name 25
“selamat datang” 20
“Marina”

22. (report/information)
Data Types
Data is unorganized facts, they go into computer as an input and are processed by the program.
The outcome is the output or information in form of report or other meaning full format to the user.
data uses are of many different types.
We need to tell the computer the type of data for each of the variable used in the program.
The most common data types are numerical, character (alphabetical), and logical.
Computer
Data process
into
Infomation
output
input
Output
(report/information)
Data
(Unorganized fact)

23. Data Types Continue … Numerical Data:
include all type of numbers. The only data used for calculation. They are integers and real numbers
Character Data – Alphanumeric Data
Consist of all single digit, letters, and special characters available to the computer, e.g. a to z, A to Z, 3, #, & etc, placed within quotation marks.
Uppercase letter is different from the lowercase letter.
can be compared and arranged in alphabetical order.
Logical
consist of two pieces of data in the data set, TRUE and FALSE.
There are use in making yes-no decision

24. Example of Data Types Data Data Type Explanation The price of item:
7.55, 12.99
Numerical:
Real
Would be use in the calculation
An Account Number:
“A444440”
Character:
String
Consist of alphanumeric or simply numbers, cannot use in calculation
Quantity
integer
Use in calculation, Integer because normally as a whole number
A date:
10/07/06
Date or Character string
If date data type is available use date, unless use character string
An answer to a question:
True / False
Logical
An answer to question: Do you like coffee, is either yes or no, therefore use logical

25. Organizing The Problem
There are several organizational tool can be used in problem solving
Problem Analysis Chart – the beginning analysis of the problem
Structured Chart – shows the overall layout or structure of the solution
IPO Chart – shows the input, the processing and the output
Algorithm is the sequence of instructions comprising the solution
Flowcharts is the graphic representations of the algorithm.

26. Problem Analysis Chart (PAC)
Consist of 4 separate parts
Section 1 - The given data – Data given or provided by user, can be known value or general name.
Section 2 - The required result – Requirement for the output report, information needed and th format required.
Section 3 - The processing – List of processing required, include equation or other type of processing, sort, searching and so forth.
Section 4 - A list of solution – List of ideas for solution of the problem.
Let consider Payroll problem calculating Gross Pay of a worker end of the day.
Given Data
Required Result
Hours
Pay Rate
Gross Pay
Processing Required
Solution Alternative
Gross Pay = Hours * Pay Rate
Define the hours worked and pay rate as constant
Define the hours worked and pay rate as input values

27. Structured Chart
Divide the problem into subtasks called modules or smaller subtasks.
This breakdown enable you to view complex problems. It only shows you what will happen and not how its happen.
Use Top-Down Solution method

28. IPO (Input-Processing-Output) Chart
IPO Extends and organizes the information in the problem analysis chart.
Shows more detail what data items are inputs what processing takes place on the data, and what
Input
Processing
Module Reference Number
Output
All input data (section 1 of PAC)
All processing in steps (section 3 & 4 of PAC)
Module Reference from structure chart
All output requirements (section 1 & 2 from PAC)
Input
Processing
Module Reference Number
Output
Hours Work
Pay rate
1. Enter hours work
2. Enter Pay rate
3. Calculate Pay
4. Print Pay
5. End
1000
2000
3000
0000
Gross Pay

29. Algorithms
Organizing the solution where programmer develop a set of instruction for the computer and this is call algorithm.
Pseudo code may be use, it is close to the actual programming language that the programmer will used later.
To complete it, the programmer will write another separate set of instruction (coding/program) that will be understand by the computer.
Instead of Pseudo code, we can also represent the set of instruction in term of Flowchart ( a graphic presentation of the algorithm.

30. Algorithm-Basic symbols of flowchart
Flowchart Symbol
Explanation
Flow lines
Flow of the direction
Start / Stop (terminator)
A start and an end of a module. For some end for a main module and exit for other module
Processing
Processing block, for the calculation, and other step of instructions.
Input / Output (I/O)
Input and output data to from the computer memory.
Decision
Usually has one entrance and two exit.
Process Module
Task that process in different place, module
Automatic Counter loop
The number of loop execute will start with A, counter incremented by S, and until the end value B
Connector on page off page
Flowchart can be sectioned, the connector will show where the section continue
counter A B S

31. GrossPay = Hours * Payrate
Flowchart-(cont’d)
Algorithm
Flowchart
Main Module
1. Repeat
Process Read
Process Calc
Process Print
Until no more
employee
2. End
Read Module
1000
1. Read Hours, Pay rate
2. Exit
Calc Modul
2000
1. GrossPay = Hour * payrate
Print Module
3000
1. Print Pay
start
start
Read
Read
Hours, Payrate
Calc
Print
exit
false
No more
employee
True
end
start
start
GrossPay = Hours * Payrate
Print
GrossPay
exit
exit

32. Software
Software is a program of the solution for a specific task that programmer develop.
In computer science software are classified into :
System software
Application software

33. Software
System software : software manages the computer and its peripheral devices (hardware)
E.g. Operating systems(OS)
Text editor
Preprocessor
Language translator
Linker
Loader

34. Software Application software : performs specific tasks
There are two types:
Program to solve specific problems
Program written by user to solve specified problem
E.g word processor, desktop publishing software, spreadsheets, database, graphics, communication, program perform a specific task such as accounting, scientific, engineering, education etc

35. Programming Languages
Programming language is divided into three categories:
Machine Language
Assembly Language
High-Level Language

36. Machine Language Language understood by the computer
Bunch of 0’s and 1’s
Program written in machine language can be executed without being translated
Nevertheless, hard to learn because it is written in 0’s and 1’s
Program is too long to solve simple problem
Machine-dependant and not portable
E.g

37. Assembly Language It is a low level programming language.
To make it easier for the programmer, the strings of 0’s and 1’s are replaced into instructions which resembles English language to represent computer operation element
So easier to understand and written
E.g
LOAD rate
MULT hour
STOR wages

38. Assembly Language
Nevertheless, need language translator called Assembler to change Assembly Language to Machine Code for execution purpose
Assembler is a type of system software, that we use to translate our assembly code into binary code (understand by computer.

39. High-Level Language E.g. Grosspay := Hourswork * Payrate;
Example of high level programming language are, PASCAL, C - Language, Java, Visual Basic etc
One instruction of it, consist several instructions in machine level or assembly language.
E.g. Grosspay := Hourswork * Payrate;
Before it can be executed by computer, the program must be changed to machine code before executed. For high level language compiler will translate the coding into assembly code and binary code.
Compiler is a type of system software that we use to compile our C code.

40. Thank you End of lecture #01
Any questions???
The following exercises are to be completed during lab
1) Exercise 1
2) Exercise 2