1. THE RESEARCH PROCESS

2. The Research Process Gravetter & Forzano:
The process of planning and conducting a research study involves using the scientific method to address a specific question.
During the research process, researcher moves from a general idea to actual data collection and interpretation of the result
Along the way, the researcher is faced with a series of decision about how to proceed  each choice has disadvantages as well as disadvantages

3. The Research Process Formulating a research problem Conceptualizing
Considerations and steps in formulating a research problem
Methods and tools of data collection
Principles of scientific writing
Research design: functions
Sampling theory and designs
Methods of data processing; Use of computers and statistics
Literature review
Formulating
a research
problem
Conceptualizing
a research
design
Constructing
an instrument for data collection
Selecting a sample
Writing a research proposal
Collecting data
Processing data
Writing a research report
Editing of the data
Coding
Operational steps
Field test of the research tool
Study designs
Required
theoretical
knowledge
Variables and hypotheses: definition and typology
Developing a code book
Validity and reliability of the research tool
Contents of the research proposal
Required intermediary knowledge
What
How
Conducting of the study

4. RESEARCH PROCESS Step II Step I Step III Step IV Step V Step VI Step
Formulating
a research
problem
RESEARCH PROCESS
Conceptualizing
a research
design
Constructing
an instrument
for data
collection
Selecting
a sample
Step II
Step I
Step
III
Step IV
Writing a
research
proposal
Collecting
data
Processing
data
Writing a
research
report
Step V
Step VI
Step
VII
Step
VIII

5. The Research Process (Gravetter, 2009)
Find a Research Idea:
Select a Topic and Find a Hypothesis
9. Refine or Reformulate Your Research Idea
2. Define and Measure Variables
3. Identify Participants or Subjects
8. Report the Result
4. Select a Research Strategy
7. Evaluate the Data
5. Select a Research Design
6. Conduct the Study

6. Step I Step II Step III Step IV Step V Step VI Step VII Step VIII
Considerations & research steps in formulating research problem
Literature review
Formulating
a research
problem
Step I
Step II
Step
III
Step IV
Step V
Step VI
Step
VII
Step
VIII
Variables & hypotheses: definition and typology
What
How
Conducting of the study

7. Step 1: Formulating a Research Problem
Is the first step in the research process, tell about what you intend to research
Main Function: to decide what you want to find out about  menentukan arah penelitian: study design, measurement procedures, sampling strategy, etc.
Masalah penelitian ditentukan oleh: sumber dana, waktu yg tersedia, keahlian dan pengetahuan peneliti mengenai bidang yang diteliti

8. Step 1: Find a Research Idea: select a topic and find a hypothesis
Gravetter & Forzano
Step 1: Find a Research Idea: select a topic and find a hypothesis
Typically involves two parts:
Selecting a general topic area
Reviewing the literature in that area to find a specific research question or hypothesis

9. Finding an idea for research study involves 2 parts:
Selecting a general topic area  sources: everyday experience, books, journal articles, or class work (i.e.: human development, perception, social interaction, etc).
Without intrinsic interest to sustain motivation, it is very easy for a researcher to get tired or bored, and give up before the research is completed
Original topic area will guide you through the literature and help to decide which research studies are important and which are not relevant

10. Step 1: Find a Research Idea: select a topic and find a hypothesis
Reviewing the literature in that area to find a specific research question or hypothesis
“what is questions are still unanswered”
Characteristics of good research hypothesis:
Logical  establish a connection between your research and the research result that have been obtained by others
Testable  It must be possible to observe and measure all variables involve. It must involve real situations, events, and individuals; not imagery or hypothetical events/situations JFK

11. Step 1: Find a Research Idea: select a topic and find a hypothesis
Reviewing the literature in that area to find a specific research question or hypothesis
Characteristics of good research hypothesis:
Refutable  must be possible to obtain results that are contrary to the prediction. The hypothesis allows the potential for the outcome to be different from the prediction

12. Step 1: Find a Research Idea: select a topic and find a hypothesis
Reviewing the literature in that area to find a specific research question or hypothesis
Characteristics of good research hypothesis:
Positive  hypothesis must make a positive statement about the existence of something: existence of relationship, existence of a difference, existence of treatment effect the basic nature of science is to assume that something does not exist until there is enough evidence to demonstrate that it actually does exist.
ex. If we fail to find relationship = we fail to find convincing evidence (not conclude that relationship doesnot exist)

13. Exercise:
Is the following hypothesis testable, refutable, and positive?
Hypothesis: Married couple who are regularly attend to religious services have more stable relationship than couples who do not.

14. Step 2: Define and Measure Variables
Gravetter & Forzano
Step 2: Define and Measure Variables
The variables identified in the research hypothesis must be defined in a manner that makes it possible to measure
By defining the variables so they can be observed and measured, we are transforming the hypothesis into a specific well-defined that can be tested by making empirical observations
Example: aggressive behavior  how it will be measured?  fighting, mock, etc (Consider the characteristic of the participant to be measured)

15. Research design: functions
Literature review
Conceptualizing
a research
design
Step I
Step II
Step
III
Step IV
Step V
Step VI
Step
VII
Step
VIII
Study designs
What
How
Conducting of the study

16. Step 2: Conceptualizing a Research Design
Desain penelitian: rancangan tentang berbagai hal untuk melaksanakan penelitian, misalnya cara pengumpulan data, sampel, teknik analisis dll.
The strength of what you find largely rest on how it was found
Main function: to explain how you will answer to your research questions

17. Step 4: Select a Research Strategy
Gravetter & Forzano
Step 4: Select a Research Strategy
Choosing research strategy involves deciding on the general approach you will take to evaluate your research hypothesis
Usually determined by one of two factors:
The type of question asked
Ex: a) Is there a relationship between sugar consumption and activity level for preschool children?
b) Will increasing the level of sugar consumption for preschool children cause an increase in their activity level?
Ethics and other constraints

18. Step 5: Select a Research Design
Involve making decisions about the specific methods and procedures you will use to conduct the research study
One individual vs one group of individuals?
Make a series of observation of the same individuals over a period of time vs compare the behaviors of different individuals at the same time?

19. Step I Step II Step III Step IV Step V Step VI Step VII Step VIII
Methods & tools of data collection
Constructing
an instrument
for data
collection
Step I
Step II
Step
III
Step IV
Step V
Step VI
Step
VII
Step
VIII
Field test of the research tool
Validity & reliability of the research tool
What
How
Conducting of the study

20. Step III: Constructing an Instrument for Data Collection
Research Instrument/Research tool= a means of collecting information for your study
Metode pengumpulan informasi antara lain:
- Observation forms
- Interview schedules
- Interview guides
- Test

21. Step III: Constructing an Instrument for Data Collection
Steps to be followed:
1) how are you going to collect data
 primary data, or secondary data?
2) construct a research instrument, or select
an already constructed one

22. Sampling theory & designs
Selecting
a sample
Step I
Step II
Step
III
Step IV
Step V
Step VI
Step
VII
Step
VIII
What
How
Conducting of the study

23. Step IV: Selecting a Sample
Sampel dan populasi
Sampling: is the process of selecting a few (a sample) from a bigger graoup (the sampling population) to become the basis for estimating or predicting the prevalence of unknown piece of information, situation or outcome regarding the bigger group (Kumar, 2005, p. 164)
Tujuan sampling: untuk mendapatkan subjek yang merupakan sebagian dari populasi yang dapat mewakili karakteristik populasi

24. Step 3: Identify Participants or Subjects
Gravetter & Forzano
Step 3: Identify Participants or Subjects
The individuals who take part in research studies are called participants tf they are human and subjects if they are nonhuman
You must decide whether you will place any restriction on the characteristic of participants
Example: Preschool children OR 4-year-old boy from two-parent, middle-income household who have been diagnosed with a specific learning disability
Determine: number of participants/subjects, where and how to recruit them

25. Contents of the research proposal
Writing a
research
proposal
Step I
Step II
Step
III
Step IV
Step V
Step VI
Step
VII
Step
VIII
Contents of the research proposal
What
How
Conducting of the study

26. Step V: Writing a Research Proposal
Proposal penelitian: overall plan tells a reader about the research problem and how you are planning to investigate and the argument to choose them
Main function: to detial the operational plan for obtaining answers to your research questions
What you are proposing to do
How you plan to proceed
Why you selected the proposed strategy

27. Step V: Writing a Research Proposal
Content of research proposal:
Pernyataan tentang tujuan penelitian
Permasalahan dan hipotesis penelitian yang akan diuji
Desain penelitian yang digunakan
Lokasi penelitian
Alat ukur yang digunakan
Besar sampel dan teknik pengambilan sampel
Prosedur pengolahan data
Sistematika penulisan laporan penelitian
Masalah dan keterbatasan dari penelitian (feasibility of the study)
Jadwal pelaksanaan penelitian

28. Field test of the research tool
Developing a code book
Editing of the data
Coding
Collecting
data
Step I
Step II
Step
III
Step IV
Step V
Step VI
Step
VII
Step
VIII
Field test of the research tool
What
How
Conducting of the study

29. Step VI: Collecting Data
Mengumpulkan data untuk dapat menarik kesimpulan penelitian, misalnya melakukan wawancara, menyebarkan kuesioner, melakukan FGD atau diskusi kelompok, melakukan observasi

30. Step 6: Conduct the Study
Gravetter & Forzano
Step 6: Conduct the Study
Ready to collect data
Laboratory or in the field (real world)?
Individually or in groups?
= Implement the decision about manipulating, observing, measuring, controlling, and recording the different aspects of the study

31. Methods of data processing; Use of computers & statistics
Step I
Step II
Step
III
Step IV
Step V
Step VI
Step
VII
Step
VIII
What
How
Conducting of the study

32. Step VII: Processing Data
Merupakan tahap mengolah data dan menganalisis hasil
Cara mengolah data yang dikumpulkan tergantung pada 2 hal yaitu:
Type of information – descriptive, quantitative, qualitative or attitudinal )
The way you want to communicate your findings to your readers

33. Step 7: Evaluate the Data
Once the data have been collected  use various statistical methods to examine and evaluate the data
Drawing graphs
Computing means or correlation
Determine whether the results can be generalized to the rest of population

34. Principles of scientific writing
Writing a
research
report
Step I
Step II
Step
III
Step IV
Step V
Step VI
Step
VII
Step
VIII
What
How
Conducting of the study

35. Step VIII: Writing a Research Report
Melaporkan tentang apa yang telah dilakukan, apa yang telah ditemukan, dan kesimpulan yang diperoleh dari hasil penelitian

36. Step 8: Report the Results
Gravetter & Forzano
Step 8: Report the Results
One important aspect of the scientific method is that observations and result must be public
Two reasons to report result are:
The result become part of general knowledge base that other people can use the answer questions or to generate new research ideas
The research procedure can be replicated or refuted by other researchers

37. The Research Process (Gravetter, 2009)
Find a Research Idea:
Select a Topic and Find a Hypothesis
9. Refine or Reformulate Your Research Idea
2. Define and Measure Variables
3. Identify Participants or Subjects
8. Report the Result
4. Select a Research Strategy
7. Evaluate the Data
5. Select a Research Design
6. Conduct the Study

38. Step 9: Refine or Reformulate Your Research Idea
Most research studies generate more questions than they answer
If the results support the original hypothesis, it does not mean that we find a final answer
Result that support a hypothesis lead to new questions by one of following route:
Test the boundaries of the result
Refine the original research question