1. Compartmentation: Cells and Tissues
Chapter 3a
Compartmentation: Cells and Tissues

2. Intracellular compartments Tissue types and characteristics
About this Chapter
Body compartments
Biological membranes
Intracellular compartments
Tissue types and characteristics
Tissue remodeling
Organs

3. Three Major Body Cavities
POSTERIOR
ANTERIOR
Cranial cavity
Pleural
sac
Thoracic
cavity
Pericardial
sac
Diaphragm
Abdominal
cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Pelvic
cavity
Figure 3-1

4. Body Cavities

5. Lumens of Hollow Organs
Heart
Lungs
Blood vessels
Intestines
Lumen
Not the internal environment

6. Functional Compartments
Outside Body
Extracellular fluid
Plasma
Interstitial fluid
Intracellular fluid
Organelles and vacuoles

7. Body Fluid Compartments
Capillary wall
Cell membrane
Blood
cells
Blood vessel
Plasma
Interstitial fluid
Intracellular fluid
ECF
ICF
Cell
membrane
Figure 3-2

8. Cell Membrane: Overview
Membranes in the body
Pericardial
membrane
Loose connective
tissue
Cell
Heart
The pericardial membrane is a
tissue that surrounds the heart.
Seen magnified, the pericardial
membrane is a layer of flattened
epithelial cells supported by
connective tissue.
Each cell of the
pericardial membrane
has a cell membrane
surrounding it.
The cell membrane
is a phospholipid
bilayer.
Figure 3-3

9. Cell Membrane: Functions
Physical barrier
Gateway for exchange
Communication
Cell structure

10. Cell Membrane: Structure
The fluid mosaic model of a biological membrane
Carbohydrate group
of glycoprotein
Carbohydrate group
of glycolipid
Extracellular surface
of membrane
Membrane
splits into layers
in freeze-fracture
electron
microscopy.
Proteins
Intracellular
surface of
membrane
Lipid tails form the interior
layer of the membrane.
Cholesterol
molecules insert
themselves into
the lipid layer.
Phospholipid heads face the
aqueous intracellular and
extracellular compartments.
Figure 3-4

11. Cell Membrane: Composition
Lipids
Phospholipids
Sphingolipids
Cholesterol
Proteins
Integral
Peripheral
Lipid-anchored

12. Cell Membrane: Composition
Table 3-1

13. Cell Membrane: Structure and Formation
Phospholipids have polar and non-polar regions
(a)
Phospholipid molecules have polar heads and nonpolar tails.
The “R” group is a variable polar group.
Polar head
(hydrophilic)
Nonpolar
fatty acid
tail
(hydrophobic)
Structural model
Molecular models
Stylized model
Figure 3-5a

14. Cell Membrane: Formation
Membrane phospholipids form bilayers, micelles, or liposomes
Phospholipids arrange themselves so that their
nonpolar tails are not in contact with aqueous
solutions such as extracellular fluid.
(b)
Tails
Phospholipid bilayer
forms a sheet.
Micelles are droplets
of phospholipids.
Liposomes have
an aqueous center.
Figure 3-5b

15. Cell Membrane: Proteins
The three types of membrane proteins: integral, peripheral, and lipid-anchored
Integral
(transmembrane)
protein
Glycoprotein
Peripheral protein
Lipid-anchored
proteins
Peripheral
protein
Cytoskeleton
proteins
Cytoplasm
Figure 3-6

16. Cell Membrane: Lipid Rafts
Sphingolipids and alkaline phosphatase
Figure 3-8

17. Cell Membrane Components
consists of
Cholesterol
Phospholipids, Sphingolipids
Carbohydrates
Proteins
together form
together form
together form
Lipid bilayer
Glycolipids
Glycoproteins
functions as
whose functions include
Selective barrier
between cytosol and
external environment
Structural
stability
Cell
recognition
Immune
response
Figure 3-9

18. Intracellular Compartments
Cytoplasm
Cytosol
Inclusions
Organelles
Nucleus

19. A map for the study of cell structure
Cell Compartments
THE CELL
A map for the study of cell structure
is composed of
Cell
membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cytosol
Membranous
organelles
Inclusions
• Mitochondria
• Endoplasmic
reticulum
• Golgi
complex
• Lysosomes
• Peroxisomes
• Lipid droplets
• Glycogen granules
• Ribosomes
• Vaults
• Proteasomes
• Cytoskeleton
• Centrioles
• Centrosomes
• Cilia
• Flagella
Extracellular fluid
Figure 3-11

20. Inclusions Have No Membranes
Ribosomes
Free
Fixed
Polyribosomes
Proteasomes
Vaults
RNA/protein

21. Cytoplasmic Proteins Fibers
Actin (microfilaments)
Intermediate
Myosin
Keratin
Neurofilaments
Microtubules
Tubulin
Centrioles, cilia, flagella

22. Centrioles Cilia and flagella Microtubule function Pull chromosomes
Form core in cilia
Cilia and flagella
Fluid movement

23. Centrioles
Figure 3-13a–b

24. Cilia and Flagella
Figure 3-13c–d

25. Cytoskeleton: Function
Cell shape
Internal organization
Intracellular transport
Assembly of cells into tissues
Movement

26. Cytoskeleton and Cytoplasmic Protein Fibers
Microvilli increase
cell surface area.
They are supported
by microfilaments.
Microfilaments form
a network just inside
the cell membrane.
Microtubules
are the largest
cytoskeleton fiber.
Intermediate
filaments include
myosin and keratin.
(a)
(b)
Figure 3-14

27. Cytoskeleton and Cytoplasmic Protein Fibers
Motor proteins move on cytoskeletal fibers
Organelle
Motor
protein
ATP
Direction of
movement
Cytoskeletal fiber
Figure 3-15

28. Membrane-enclosed compartments Unique DNA
Mitochondria
Membrane-enclosed compartments
Unique DNA
Site of cellular ATP generation

29. Mitochondria Figure 3-16 Cytoplasm of cell Inner membrane Matrix
Matrix is the
innermost
compartment.
Outer
membrane
Cristae
The intermembrane
space forms
a compartment.
Cytosolic side
of membrane
Figure 3-16

30. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Smooth ER
Synthesis of fatty acids, steroids, lipids
Modified forms in liver, kidney, muscles
Rough ER
Rows of ribosomes
Protein assembly and modification

31. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes are attached
to cytosolic side of rough
endoplasmic reticulum.
Lumen of
endoplasmic
reticulum
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Figure 3-17