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Kidney = Nephrons dorsal to coelom. Nephron = Tubular structure that reabsorbs substances from a coelomic fluid-derived or plasma-derived filtrate Urinary System
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Coelomic funnel = cilliated opening of nephron to coelom – where coelomic fluid enters the nephron Bowman’s capsule = end of nephron that surrounds a mass of capillaries (Glomerulus) – where plasma enters the nephron Concentrated fluid waste (urine) is formed that usually is rich in nitrogenous (e.g. urea, uric acid) waste. Nephron Structure
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Human Kidney Development
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Intermediate mesoderm forms nephric tubules in nephric ridges. Some remain contiguous with the coelom of the lateral plate mesoderm. Nephron Development int. mesoderm dorsal aorta coelom
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Nephron Function
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Vertebrate Embryo (section) neural crest cells dermatome sclerotome myotome splanchnic mesoderm somatic mesoderm gut lateral plate mesoderm inter- mediate meso- derm
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Vertebrate Embryo (section) gut lateral plate mesoderm inter- mediate meso- derm neural crest cells dermatome sclerotome myotome splanchnic mesoderm somatic mesoderm
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Vertebrate Embryo (section) gut coelom dermatome sclerotome myotome dorsal & ventral mesenteries (splanchnic mesoderm) lateral plate mesoderm inter- mediate meso- derm
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Vertebrate Embryo (section) gut dermatome vertebra myotome horizontal septum dorsal & ventral mesenteries (splanchnic mesoderm) lateral plate mesoderm inter- mediate meso- derm coelom
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Vertebrate Embryo (section) gut dermatome vertebra myotome horizontal septum dorsal mesentery (splanchnic mesoderm) lateral plate mesoderm inter- mediate meso- derm coelom
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Nephron Development
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Nephric ridges Pronephros = Segmental; develops 1 st ; coelomic funnel (Lost in adults, except Myxini). Mesonephros = Segmental; posterior to pronephros; coelomic funnel & Bowman’s capsule (Lost in adult amniotes). Metanephros = Develop segmentally but obscured by nephron proliferation (but segmental in hagfishes) ; posterior to mesonephros; Bowman’s capsule. Kidney Regions
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Vertebrate Mesoderm Lateral Plate Mesoderm Somites Somitomeres Intermediate Mesoderm
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Archinephric duct = Pronephros initiates formation; drains pro-, meso-, & sometimes meta-nephros. Accessory duct = Develops longitudinally from the archinephric duct (in some elasmobrachs and salamanders) ; drains the meso- and meta-nephros. Metanephric Duct (ureter) = Develops as bud from base of the archinephric duct; drains metanephros (Only in amniotes). Kidney Development
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pronephros mesonephros meta- nephros Hagfish Kidney archinephric duct
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pronephros mesonephros meta- nephros Opisthonephric Kidney archinephric duct accessory duct
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pronephros mesonephros archinephric duct Metanephric Kidney meta- nephros
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Holonephric Kidney = pro-, meso-, and segmental meta-nephric tubules Opisthonephric Kidney = mesonephric and metanephric tubules drained by archinephric and possibly accessory ducts. Metanephric Kidney = composed only of non-segmental metanephric tubules; drained by metanephric duct (ureter). Adult Kidney Types
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Human Kidney Development
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Human Urinary
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Adult Kidney GroupTypeTubules Myxini holonephric pro-, meso-, & meta- Petromyzontida opisthonephricmeso- & meta- Chondrichthys opisthonephricmeso- & meta- Actinopterygii opisthonephricmeso- & meta- Dipnoi opisthonephricmeso- & meta- Lissamphibia opisthonephricmeso- & meta- Mammalia metanephricmeta- Reptilia metanephricmeta-
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Subphylum Vertebrata hagfishes lampreys sharks, rays, etc. Actinopterygii coelacanths lungfishes amphibians Mammalia Reptilia meta- nephric kidney; ureters function of pronephric tubules reduced opisthonephric kidney
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Ammonia = NH 4 +, toxic, excreted in large amounts by many aquatic organisms (not all). hagfishes, lampreys, Actinopterygii, lungfishes, coelacanths, amphib., crocodylians, aquatic turtles. Urea = CO(NH 2 ), less toxic, gnathostomes (Actinopterygiians use it less, Chondrichthyians and Mammals most). Uric Acid = C 4 O 3 N 4 H 3, less toxic, slightly soluble in water, precipitates in cloaca. Requires least amount of water to excrete. Only reptiles produce in large amounts. Nitrogenous Waste
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Subphylum Vertebrata hagfishes lampreys sharks, rays, etc. Actinopterygii coelacanths lungfishes amphibians Mammalia Reptilia uric acid function of pronephric tubules reduced urea ancestrally ammonia
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Gonad = Organ that produces gametes and hormones. Testis = Male gonad Seminiferous tubules = site of sperm formation in testis. Ovary = Female gonad Follicle = Specialized cells that surround a developing ovum in the ovary. Gamete = 1n sex cell (sperm/ ovum). Reproductive System
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Gonadal Histology
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Indifferent gonad (Genital ridges) = the early gonad; neither testis nor ovary. Germ cells = will form gametes. Migrate from endoderm via dorsal mesentery. Primary Sex Cords = coelomic mesothelium of ridge grows into mesenchyme of ridge. ♂ primary sex cords seminiferous tubules ♀ primary sex cords form and disappear Secondary Sex Cords = mesothelium again grows into mesenchyme of genital ridge. ♀ secondary sex cords ovarian follicles Gonad Development
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Vertebrate Embryo (section) gut dermatome vertebra myotome horizontal septum dorsal mesentery (splanchnic mesoderm) lateral plate mesoderm inter- mediate meso- derm coelom genital ridge
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Gonad Development
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ALL Non-amniotes = archinephric ducts drain kidneys. Amniotes = metanephric ducts drain kidneys. Hagfishes & Lampreys = no testis ducts. Gnathostomes = archinephric ducts drain the testes (also drain the kidneys in all non- amniote ganthostomes). EXCEPTION - Teleosts & Amia = new gonoduct drains testes (not the archinephric duct) Male Urogenital Ducts
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Hagfish and Lamprey Male Ducts archi- nephric duct testis kidney abdominal pore
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Male Genital Ducts (Non-amniote) archi- nephric duct testes kidney abdominal pore
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Male Genital Ducts (Non-amniote) archi- nephric duct testes kidney abdominal pore
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Male Genital Ducts (Amniote) archi- nephric duct testes kidney meta- nephric ducts
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Male Genital Ducts (Teleost or Amia) archi- nephric duct testes kidney gonoduct
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ALL Non-amniotes = archinephric ducts drain kidneys. Amniotes = metanephric ducts drain kidneys. Hagfishes & lampreys = no ovary ducts. Gnathostomes = Müllerian ducts open to the coelom capture ova. (archinephric ducts lost in female amniotes) In birds the right Müllerian duct is reduced and the right ovary is usually absent EXCEPTION - Teleosts & Amia = new gonoduct not open to coelom captures ova (not the Müllerian duct) Female Urogenital Ducts
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Hagfish and Lamprey Female Ducts archi- nephric duct ovary kidney abdominal pore
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Female Genital Ducts (Non-amniote) archi- nephric duct ovaries kidney abdominal pore Müllerian duct
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Female Genital Ducts (Amniote) ovaries kidney meta- nephric ducts Müllerian duct
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Female Genital Ducts (Teleost or Amia) archi- nephric duct ovaries kidney gonoduct
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Female Genital Ducts Teleosts
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Male Genital Ducts
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Male Urogenital Ducts Groupfrom Kidneyfrom Testis Myxini archinephricnone Petromyzontida archinephricnone Chondrichthys accessory & arch. archinephric Polypter-, Ascipenser-, & Lepisosteiformes archinephric Teleostei & Amia archinephric male gonoduct Dipnoi archinephric Lissamphibia accessory & arch. archinephric Mammalia metanephricarchinephric Reptilia metanephricarchinephric
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Female Urogenital Ducts Groupfrom Kidneyfrom Ovary Myxini archinephricnone Petromyzontida archinephricnone Chondrichthys archinephricMüllerian duct Polypter-, Ascipenser-, & Lepisosteiformes archinephricMüllerian duct Teleostei & Amia archinephric female gonoduct Dipnoi archinephricMüllerian duct Lissamphibia archinephricMüllerian duct Mammalia metanephricMüllerian duct Reptilia metanephricMüllerian duct
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Subphylum Vertebrata hagfishes lampreys sharks, rays, etc. Actinopterygii coelacanths lungfishes amphibians Mammalia Reptilia archinephric duct lost in females; meta- nephric serves kidneys archinephric duct serves testes in males; Müllerian duct in females
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sturgeons & paddlefishes gars bowfin (Amia) TELEOSTS bichirs & ropefishes Class Actinopterygii Müllerian duct lost; new gonoducts for ovary and testis
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Amniota montremes marsupials eutherians turtles lizards & snakes crocodylians birds right ovary and oviduct (Müllerian) reduced or lost
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The human genitalia are sexually homologous developing from the “same” developmental precursors. Human Genitalia
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Human Genital Development urinary reproductive Early MaleFemale tubercle glansglans penisclitoris folds scrotumlabia
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Human Genitalia Development
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Human Genital Intersexuality
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Human Female Reproductive
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Human Male Reproductive
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In both male and female humans the gonads move inferiorly, in males dramatically so into the scrotum. Gonadal Descent
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Cryptorchidism
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Genitalia = external or extruded reproductive structures Intromittent organ = structure for transfer of sperm to facilitate internal fertilization (but not necessary for it) ; Intromittent organs evolved repeatedly. Internal fertilization: Chondrichthyans, Amniotes, & Miscellaneous others Comparative Vertebrate Genitalia
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Cloaca = (sewer in Latin) ectodermal, posterior chamber; intestine, urinary system, and reproductive system “empty” here. Cloaca lost in Therian mammals, Actinopterygiians, and chimaeras. Separate, external anal and urogenital openings. Cloaca
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Chondrichthyan Male Genitalia Claspers = paired pelvic fin derived structures; grooved for sperm transfer.
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Amniotes ancestrally develop a genital tubercle. Homologous to glans penis and glans clitoris in mammals. Genital tubercle often regresses in female non-mammalian amniotes. Lepidosaurs and most birds have secondarily lost the genital tubercle. Amniote Genitalia
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Amniote Genital Development urinary reproductive Early MaleFemale tubercle glansglans penisclitoris folds scrotumlabia
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Median penis = in amniotes; derived from genital tubercle; erectile tissue and a sulcus spermaticus (groove). Secondarily lost in lepidosaurs and most birds (ratites, ducks & geese retain) Mammals = closed sulcus spermaticus that in therians also extends the urethra Many mammals have a baculum (bone in the penis) Male Genitalia
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Testudinean Male Genitalia
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Crocodylian Genitalia
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Rhea Male Genitalia
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Monotreme Male Genitalia Slightly forked penis (four-headed). Testes remain abdominal (no scrotum). echidna penis
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Therian Testes Scrotum sac containing the testes outside of the male’s body. Adult testes usually are in a scrotum or to under the skin’s surface.
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Marsupial Genitalia Forked penis in most male marsupials. (scrotum anterior to penis) Paired vaginas in all female marsupials. sugar glider penis
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Kangaroo Male Genitalia
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Eutherian Genitalia Simple penis in most male euterians. (scrotum posterior to penis) Single vagina in all female eutherians.
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Hyaena Genitalia two female hyaenas
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Lepidosaur Male Genitalia Hemipenes = paired cloacal structures; grooved for sperm transfer.
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Subphylum Vertebrata hagfishes lampreys sharks, rays, etc. Actinopterygii coelacanths lungfishes amphibians Mammalia Reptilia cloaca cloaca lost genital tubercle; median penis & clitoris claspers
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hemipenes; gen. tubercle lost Amniota montremes marsupials eutherians turtles lizards & snakes crocodilians birds genital tubercle lost in most genital tubercle - median penis & clitoris vagina(s); scrotum; cloaca lost (or reduced) sulcus sper- maticus closed (tubular) forked penis & paired vaginas
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