1. WATER TREATMENT AND REUSE IN MÉXICO. JORGE ALBERTO MENDOZA PÉREZ ESCUELA NACIONAL DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS DEL INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL.

2. Index 1. General Information 2. Overview of Water supply in México and collected wastewater. 3. Wastewater treatment in México and reuse. 4. Mexican regulatory framework. 5. Case of study: Wastewater treatment plant from El Colegio de México A.C.: a successful but realistic story

3. Puente de Dios, San Luis Potosí. Image taken from Mexican National Water Program 2014.-2018

4. 1. General Information. In 2013 México had a population near 118 million people (117,053,750) Source: CONAPO 2010-2030. For 2015, at least a 94% of the population in Mexico will have potable water.* In the same year (2015) we hope that 91% of our population will have access to sewer service and more than 72% of rural dwellers will have water service.* But, if México still following the current trend of consumption and population growth, in 15 years (2030) the country will face a critical situation of water shortage.* * Source: FEA and CEMDA, 2006. www.agua.org.mx and CONAGUA, Water statistics in México, 2013.www.agua.org.mx

5. Average natural water availability per capita in some countries (m 3 /capita · year) Source: FAO 2013 : Aquastat data base

6. Mexican XIII Administrative-Hydrologic Regions (AHR). Source: CONAGUA.Water Atlas in México, 2013.

7. Demographic, socioeconomic and renewable water data in AHR, 2013. Source: CONAGUA, Water statistics in México, 2013.

8. Water availability in México by type of source. Water in México Continental surface of AHR (km 2 ) Renewable water (Hm 3 /year) Surface water : Rivers, Lakes and Ponds. (Hm 3 /year) Ground- water (Hm 3 /year) Available resource 2012-2013 1, 959, 248.00471,498.00378,873.0092,625.00 Source: FEA and CEMDA, 2006. www.agua.org.mx; CONAGUA, Water statistics in México, 2013; Mexican National Water Program 2014.-2018.www.agua.org.mx

9. In the world rankings, México is considered a country with low water availability. Across the country it rains approximately 1,488,819 Hm 3 of water each year, with a normal rainfall annual average of 760 mm. México holds approximately 0.1% of total freshwater available globally, which determines that a significant percentage of the territory is classified as semi- desert area. It is the reason why water is considered a strategic factor for the overall development of the country.

10. In México our Federal Constitution recognize and protect the human right for water so the Mexican government is required to guarantee this right and through the laws define just and fair ways for access, provision and proper use. México has faced in recent years unprecedented problems of water security related to water supply, lack of technology development, shortage in several zones of the country and even privatization policies that have generated a high cost in social and human terms.

11. 2. Overview of Water supply in México and collected wastewater. Cascada Apatlaco, Puebla. Image taken from Mexican National Water Program 2014.-2018

12. Improvement of Water supply and Sewer service in México Source: Mexican National Water Program, 2014.-2018 potable water coverageSewer service coverage % year

13. Water use in México. Water useSurface water ( Hm 3 /year ) Ground- water ( Hm 3 /year ) Total volume ( Hm 3 /year ) Extraction Percentage (%) Irrigation41,200.0022,200.0063,400.0076.6 Public water supply 4,700.007,300.0012,000.0014.5 Self- supplying industry 1,400.001,900.003,300.004.0 Electric energy excluding hydroelectric power 3,600.00400.004,000.004.9 Total50,900.0031,800.0082,700.00100 Source: CONAGUA, Water statistics in México, 2013.

14. Renewable water volume Consumptive water volume Without stress Highest stress Source: IADB, Wastewater treatment in México, 2013.

15. Collected Wastewater. Source: CONAGUA.Water Atlas in México, 2013. Type of discharge Discharge flow = Q (m 3 /s) MunicipalNon- municipal (including industrial discharges) Volume for Irrigation use Total Collected as raw* Wastewater (Hm 3 /year) 229.77,240.006,610.003,435.58 Treated volume (Hm 3 /year) 99.83,150.001,910.00279.65** BOD5 generated (millions of tonnes per year) ---1.969.92--- BOD5 removal by wastewater treatment plants (millions of tonnes per year) ---0.71.30--- * without any kind of partial treatment.. **Only primary treatment

16. In México almost a 40% of the collected wastewater is treated but no more than a 15% reach the expected quality for reuse or returning to water resources. Sistema Cutzamala. Image taken from the Mexican National Water Program, 2014-2018. The pollution caused by discharges of wastewater and poor quality treated wastewater in our aquifer resources, has damaged at least the 24% of our water bodies of immediate use.

17. 3. Wastewater treatment in México and reuse. Source: Wastewater treatment plant San Francisco de los Romo Aguascalientes, México, 2008

18. Higher than 60% Above the 40% Lower than 40% Source: IADB, Wastewater treatment in México, 2013. Wastewater treatment coverage in México Reported as 100%

19. Type of Discharge Total plants in operation Installed capacity ( m 3 /s) Treated flow (Q = m 3 /s) Treatment Efficiency (%) Municipal2,342140.1499.8015 - 16 Non-municipal (including industry) 2,50091.260.530-60 Source: CONAGUA. General Division of Drinking Water, Sewerage and Sanitation. 2013. Statistics of wastewater treatment plants operating in México

20. Wastewater Treatment level ( Data from non municipal systems mainly industries ) LevelAimPlants in operation (m 3 /s) Operation flow (m 3 /s) Percentage (%) PrimaryAdjust pH and remove particles 79621.731.46 SecundaryRemove organic material (BOD) 151834.760.00 TertiaryRemove gases, ions and bacterias 741.182.92 Not specific---1422.935.91 Total---2,53060.51100 Source: IADB, Wastewater treatment in México, 2013 and CONAGUA, Water statistics in México, 2013.

21. Municipal wastewater treatment technology Treatment process Treated flow (m 3 /s) Treatment Percentage (%) Available Plants in México Activated sludge40.646.2550 Stabilization lagoons and ponds 15.617.5700 Advanced primary 9.110.225 Source: Lahera Ramón, V. 2010

22. Water (wastewater) reuse in México 40-45% of wastewater treated or not is used for irrigation. 30-35% is available for returning up to water resources and since 2010 at least 5- 10% is used to recharge groundwater aquifers. 10-15% is diluted with storm tank water for different uses mainly as primary service water. Also is used for co-mingled effluent in rivers and in natural runoff. No more than 10% is treated with the required quality for industrial and domestic reuse, without human contact as primary service water. Source: Bunge, V. 2012; Lahera Ramón, V. 2010 and CONAGUA. General Division of Drinking Water, Sewerage and Sanitation. 2013.

23. Causes LACK OF MONEY LACK OF TECHNOLOGY and TRANSDISCIPLINARITY BAD COORDINATION and ORGANIZATION BETWEEN SOCIETY COMPONENTS (GOVERNMENT, INDUSTRIES, RESEARCH CENTERS, NGOs and CITIZENS) ABSENCE OF REGULATIONS and LAWS POOR SUSTAINABILITY IN THE PROCESSES LACK OF EDUCATION and TRAINING CORRUPTION

24. 4. Mexican regulatory framework. The National Water Commission (CONAGUA) is the responsible for integrating and developing the National Water Program under the terms thereof and of the Planning Act, as well as updating and monitor its implementation, proposing criteria and guidelines that allow for unit and coherence to the actions of the Mexican government in reference to water as a national resource and their inherent public assets. Source: Mexican National Water Program 2014.-2018

25. National Water Program 2014-2018 The National Water Program (NWP) from 2014 to 2018 shows the essential value of water as a strategic element for attendance the basic needs of mexican population and promote the development of economic activities of the country in a framework that puts the care and preservation of the environment for future generations. This program is directly related with the National Development Plan 2013- 2018.

26. SEMARNAT The Mexican Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT) is responsible for reviewing the maximum permissible limits of pollutants currently included in the schedule for particular conditions of discharge into water bodies in the permits issued for that purpose. Source: Mexican National Water Program 2014.-2018

27. Current regulations México has established a regulatory framework that regulates wastewater discharges to receiving bodies through the following rules: NOM 001.- Establishes the maximum permissible limits of pollutants in wastewater discharges into national waters or assets. NOM 002.-Establishes the maximum permissible limits of pollutants in the wastewater discharge into the urban or municipal sewer systems. NOM 003.- Establishes the maximum permissible limits for contaminants in treated wastewater reused in public services. NOM 004.-Establishes specifications and maximum permissible limits of pollutants in sludge and biosolids for its use and disposal. Source: SEMARNAT, Envioronmental regulatory framework, 2013.

28. Reuse program for treated wastewater. Basic points: I.- Reuse treated wastewater for irrigation. II.- Reuse of treated wastewater in industries promoting exchanging water for primary services with treated water. III.- Construction and expansion of networks of treated wastewater to incorporate effluents from municipal wastewater treatment plants in order to reuse water in industrial parks and for recharging groundwater aquifers. This action will be encouraged, once they comply with the relevant environmental quality provisions Source: Mexican National Water Program 2014.-2018

29. Current and Future Strategies. Wastewater Collectors and treatment plants will be built with a holistic approach to watershed and aquifer. It will be given a strong impulse to the reuse of treated wastewater, particularly for agricultural irrigation and industrial processes. It has to be promoted with the states and municipalities, the proper functioning of the existing wastewater treatment plants, which means operating them efficiently and continuously. Also It must be promoted that the industries treat their wastewater and improve the effectiveness of systems. To better the current situation of our infrastructure for wastewater treatment and to achieve future plans on the reuse of treated wastewater, a series of strategies shall be followed: Source: Mexican National Water Program 2014.-2018

30. Immediate actions. Improve current systems Build new systems with better technology Search for new clean energy sources Reach the 100% reuse of treated wastewater. Design and apply new regulations to improve and better the management of water resources Include more pollutants to be monitored and decrease the maximum permissible limits of them in those discharges which go directly to water resources Increase the sustainability of our water management proceedings Source: Mexican National Water Program 2014.-2018

31. Requirements. MONEY TECHNOLOGY and TRANSDISCIPLINARITY PERMANENT ASSOCIATION and BACKFEED BETWEEN SOCIETY COMPONENTS (GOVERNMENT, INDUSTRIES, RESEARCH CENTERS, NGOs and CITIZENS) REGULATIONS and LAWS DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABILITY IN THE PROCESSES EDUCATION and TRAINING ETHICS (VANISHING OF CORRUPTION)

32. 5. Case of study: Wastewater treatment plant from El Colegio de México A.C.: a successful but realistic story. El Colegio de México, A.C. (commonly known as Colmex, English: The College of Mexico) is a prestigious Mexican institute of higher education, specializing in teaching and research in social sciences and humanities. he college was founded in 1940 by the Mexican Federal Government, the Bank of México (Banco de México), the National Autonomous University of México (UNAM), and the Fondo de Cultura Económica.

33. Environmental certification. In 2011 El Colegio de México as part of its planning to obtain the environmental certification from the government of the Federal District (D.F.) started a project for the construction, operation and control of its own wastewater plant.

34. Colegio de México WWTP Line Diagram

35. System parameters Process (Dual) EA /MBR- NF Treatment Flow (m 3 /day) Installed Capacity (m 3 /day) Water reuse volume (m 3 ) Settling solids (%) Mean BOD influent (mg O2/L) Mean BOD effluent (mg O2/L) Extended Aeration (activated sludge) 50754095 - 981,650.0060-90 MBR-NF50754095- 982, 500.0020-30

36. Costs Plant cost (USD)493,600.50 Elimination efficiency (%) as MBR-NF 98.80-99.00 Specific RegulationNOM 003 Annual Maintenance cost (USD) 35,000 $/m 3 (pesos/cents of dollar)3.6 /0.28 Operators (six days per week)2

37. Water (wastewater) reuse Water reuseVolume (m 3 per day) Garden Irrigation 8 Groundwater recharge 11 Sanitary services 18

38. Almost 40% of maintenance is used for membranes, irrigation system and sanitary water supply (bombs)

39. Conclusions An efficiently wastewater treatment plant will have at the beginning a large inversion recovery cost and it will be necessary invest in training the personal in charge. Water reuse of course will bring saving money but the initial inversion recovery and the annual maintenance cost will avoid for a time period get benefits. New technology is expensive but it is necessary in order to keep, take care and recover our water resources

40. THANKS A LOT !!!! ANY QUESTION ?????

41. REFERENCES. Cantor, J.; Sutton, P.M.; Steinheber, R.; Novachis, L. (2000) Industrial Biotreatment Plant Capacity Expansion and Upgrading Through Application of Membrane Biomass-Effluent Separation. Proceedings of the WEF 73rd Annual Conference & Exposition, Anaheim, CA. Hall, E.R.; Bérubé, P.R.; Sutton, P.M. (2006) Membrane Bioreactors for Anaerobic Treatment of Wastewaters. Project 02-CTS-4, Water Environment Research Foundation. Knoblock, M.D.; Sutton, P.M.; Mishra, P.N.; Gupta, K.; Janson, A. (1994) Membrane Biological Reactor System for Treatment of Oily Wastewaters. Water Environment Research, 66 (2), pp.133-139. Le-Clech, P.; Fane, A.; Leslie, G. (2005) MBR Focus: The Operators Perspective. Filtration & Separation, June pp. 20-23. Lei, E.; Bérubé, P.R. (2004) Impact of Membrane Configuration and Hydrodynamic Conditions on the Permeate Flux in Submerged Membrane Systems for Drinking Water Treatment. Proceedings AWWA Water Quality Technology Conference, San Antonio, TX.

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