1. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN BUSINESS AND SOCIETY SESSION 21 – LOCATION-BASED SERVICES SEAN J. TAYLOR

2. ADMINISTRATIVIA Still grading A3 and A4. G1: any questions? Office hours: today after class in KMC 8- 191. I will be doing some R. Doodle for moving the final exam?

3. LEARNING OBJECTIVES Identify the components and participants in LBS applications Describe the interaction of the components Explain what context means List five types of context awareness List three levels of adaption in LBS apps

4. DEFINITIONS: LOCATION-BASED SERVICES 1.LBSs are information services accessible with mobile devices through the mobile network and utilizing the ability to make use of the location of the mobile device. 2.A wireless-IP service that uses geographic information to serve a mobile user. Any application service that exploits the position of a mobile terminal.

5. LBS: AN INTERSECTION OF TECHNOLOGIES GIS / Spatial databases Mobile Devices Internet Mobile GIS Mobile Internet Web GIS LBS

6. GIS: GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS Traditional “professional” systems intended for experienced users with wide collection of functionality. Require extensive computing resources. LBS are developed as limited services for large non-professional user groups. Operating with the restrictions of mobile computing environment: limited power, small displays or battery life.

7. LBS COMPONENTS PositioningCommunicationsMobile Devices Data/Content Provider Service Provider

8. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM A GPS receiver calculates its position by precisely timing the signals sent by GPS satellites orbiting Earth. Each satellite continually transmits messages that include: The time the message was transmitted Satellite position at the time of transmission Receivers use 3+ satellites to triangulate their positions.

9. WIRELESS MOBILE NETWORKS Wireless WAN (WWAN) GSM UMTS Wireless LAN (WLAN) 802.11 (WIFI, WIMAX) Wireless PAN (WPAN) Bluetooth Near field communication (NFC)

10. NETWORK RANGES AND TRANSFER RATES

11. 4G

12. LATENCY VS. BANDWIDTH

13. PUSH VS. PULL PUSH Deliver information which is not directly requested by the user. Triggered by an event. E.g. ads, emails, texts, game updates, warnings or alerts. PULL Deliver information directly requested by the user. Triggered by a user action. E.g. web pages, app downloads, map layers.

14. SERVICES

15. ROUTING: SHORTEST PATHS

16. MOBILE DEVICES: SMARTPHONES & TABLETS Processors: ARM (x86?) optimized for low power Multicore designs Radios: Mobile Bluetooth NFC GPS Commodity hardware?

17. GEOGRAPHIC DATA: GEOCODING & GEOTAGGING

18. LBS KEYWORDS Mobile user: who and what is mobile? Mobile activities: what questions or problems does the user have? Macro scale: show an overview. Meso scale: what is reachable by the user? Micro scale: where is the use? Information: what is needed to answer the question? Spatial search: What method or algorithm is used to answer? User interface: How does the user ask the question or explore? Visualization: How is the geographic information displayed?

19. USER ACTIONS AND GOALS 1.Locating: where am I? where is a person or object? 2.Searching: where is the nearest / most relevant person, object or event? 3.Navigating: how do I get to a place? 4.Identifying: what are the properties of a location? 5.Checking: what events are happening at a certain location?

20. APPLICATIONS 1.Emergency Services 2.Navigation Services 3.Information Services 4.Tracking and Management Services 5.Billing Services 6.Augmented Reality

21. APPLICATIONS

22. CONTEXTUAL AWARENESS

23. CONTEXTUAL ADAPTION 1.Information level: the content of the information presented is adapted. (e.g. filtering based on proximity) 2.User interface level: the interface is adapted to suit small screens, on- the-go users. 3.Presentation level: the visualization of the info is adapted.

24. HOW IT WORKS

26. FROM DEVICES TO OBJECTS: RFID

27. NEXT CLASS: ECONOMIC OF DIGITAL GOODS Read Chapter 2 of “Information Rules” Work on G1