1. Hematopoietic and lymphoid systems main entities - disorders exam questions and very concise text - www.lfhk.cuni.cz/patanat

2. Hematopoietic and lymphoid systems - exam questions Posthemorrhagic and hemolytic anemias Anemias of diminished erythropoiesis; pernicious anemia Polycythemia Bleeding disorders DIC Lymph node pathology - review Spleen pathology - review Thymus pathology - review Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas Hodgkin’s disease Acute leukemias Chronic leukemias Myeloproliferative disorders Plasma cell dyscrasias Histiocytoses Storage diseases

3. Anemia - causes posthemorrhagic hemolytic impaired red cell production

4. Blood loss - posthemorrhagic anemias acute - hypovolemia, shock, rapid hemodilution, slowly increasing hematopoesis (sufficient amount of iron) chronic - GIT, female genital tract - iron loss (increased hematopoesis)

5. Hemolytic anemias - general features increased rate of RBCs destruction increased amount of iron hypercellular bone marrow reticulocytes in peripheral blood

6. Hemolytic anemias - RBCs destruction intracorpuscular (intrinsic) - hereditary, acquired are rare extracorpuscular (extrinsic) - acquired, immunity, mechanical trauma, infections

7. Intracorpuscular anemias hereditary acquired

8. Hereditary spherocytosis sickle cell anemia thalassemia - T. maior, T. minor glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

9. Acquired paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

10. Extracorpuscular anemias immunity related mechanical trauma infections

11. Immunity related autoimmune anemias Erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic disease of the newborn) - related mainly to Rh system (D- antigen), less to AB0 systém. Passage of fetal RBCs through the placenta during last trimester (no cytotrophoblast) or during childbirth. Mother antibodies cross the placenta. Concurent AB0 incompatibility protects the mother against Rh immunization - RBCs removed from maternal circulation. The blood dose - 1 ml. IgG response - cross the placenta, IgM - does not cross, the response faster in 2 nd or 3 rd gravidity (faster IgG response).

12. Mechanical trauma prostethic valves - more in metallic or plastic prostheses than in bioprostheses microangiopathic hemolytic anemia - squeezed RBCs in narrowed vessels - DIC, SLE, malignant hypertension

13. Infections malaria - 4 subtypes of plasmodia, Asia, Africa - Anopheles (mosquito) Plasmodium falciparum - malignant tertian malaria

14. Anemias of diminished erythropoiesis lack of –iron –folic acid –vitamin B 12 –less frequently - pyridoxin, thiamin

15. Iron deficiency anemia (sideropenic) lack of iron in the food - veggies; malabsorption - sprue increased demand - gravidity chronic loss - GIT, menstrual bleeding morphology - microcytosis, low RBCs volume, pallor, spoon-shaped nails

16. Folic acid and vitamin B 12 (Cobalamin) deficiency anemia (megaloblastic) folic acid deficiency - gravidity, severe alcoholics, drug abusers. Sometimes celiakia, malabsorbtion. B 12 - like folic acid deficiency, in addition - peripheral nerves and spinal chord demyelinization

17. Aplastic anemia pancytopenia, erythrocytopenia, agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia in half number of cases - idiopatic sometimes after irradiation, myelotoxic drugs

18. Myelophtisis bone marrow metastases - breast, lungs, prostate multiple myeloma, TBC

19. Bleeding disorders - hemorrhagic diatheses vascular fragility - vitamin C deficiency - scurvy DIC, thrombocytopenia, coagulopathies

20. DIC Blood clotting - starts from soft tissue (tissue thromboplastin) or endothelial damage (factor XII.) Causes: 1/ release of clotting factors - amniotic fluid embolization, cytoplasmic granules - promyelocytic leukemia, mucus - Ca, Gram-negative sepsis 2/ extensive endothelial damage, burns, SLE

21. DIC - morphology fibrin microthrombi within capillaries - kindeys, brain, heart, lungs, adrenal gland (Waterhouse - Friderichsen sy), hypophysis (Sheehan sy) acute DIC - bleeding, chronic - thrombotic

22. Thrombocytopenia Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) (m. Moschowitz) - microthrombi composed of platelets

23. Coagulation disorders acquired - prothrombin, f. VII., IX., and X. - hepatic damage hereditary - hemophilia A hemophilia B

24. Leukemias leukemic form aleukemic form leukemic infiltration of the liver, spleen, lymph nodes primary site - bone marrow

25. Leukemias - classification maturation: acute leukemias chronic myeloproliferative disorders cell types: lymphatic myeloid

26. Acute leukemias clinical course –sudden onset –anemia, fever, infections, hemorrhagic diathesis –bone pain (bone marrow expansion) –generalized lymphadenopathy (ALL), splenomegaly, hepatomegaly –CNS symptoms - headache, vomitus, paralysis

27. ALL (acute lymphoblastic leukemia) 80 % of childhood leukemias 5 - 10 % Philadelphia chromosome (22  9) prognosis - relatively good, 90 % - remission, if translocation  worse prognosis

28. AML (acute myeloid leukemia) adult middle age prognosis bad, 5-year survival - 10 - 15 % hiatus leukemicus bone marrow transplantation

29. Chronic myeloproliferative disorders CML CLL polycytemia vera HCL myeloid metaplasia with myelofibrosis essential thrombocytemia

30. CML (chronic myeloid leukemia) adults middle or younger age “pyoid” bone marrow Philadelphia chromosome - 90 % patients bad prognosis

31. CLL (chronic lymphatic leukemia) older age long asymptomatic period, non- characteristic symptoms course and prognosis variable related to malignant lymphomas

32. Polycytemia vera proliferation of erythroid, myeloid and megakaryocytic line increased blood viscosity, blood volume borne marrow highly cellular hypertension, thromboses, bleeding

33. Hairy cell leukemia chronic B-cell line leukemia fine cytoplasmic projections - immunohistochemistry, phase contrast, EM hepatomegaly, splenomegaly therapy - purine analogues

34. Myeloid metaplasia with myelofibrosis bone marrow fibrotic, hypocellular neoplastic stem cells within the spleen unknown ethiology of bone marrow fibrosis splenomegaly, trilinear hematopoiesis in the spleen, prominent megakaryocytes

35. Leukemias - general morphology bone marrow soft - “pyoid” (CML) splenomegaly - CML lymph nodes enlargement - CLL hepatomegaly - CML, CLL sometimes other organs infiltrated

36. Non-neoplastic white cells disordes leukopenia - neutropenia (agranulocytosis) –impaired granulopoiesis - bone marrow failure –destruction of granulocytes - immunity, drugs reactive leukocytosis - infections infectious mononucleosis - EBV

37. Plasma cell dyscrasias multiple myeloma localized plasmacytoma Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia heavy-chain disease primary amyloidosis monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance

38. Multiple myeloma morphology osteolytic lesions - prominent mainly in the scull histologically - diffuse infiltration by neoplastic plasma cells kidney - myeloma nephrosis - neoplastic plasma cells, casts within distal tubules

39. Histiocytoses X acute disseminated Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis (Letterer - Siwe) unifocal and multifocal - eosinophilic granuloma multifocal histiocytosis (Hand- Schüller-Christian disease)

40. Malignant lymphomas non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas Hodgkin’s lymphoma

41. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas nodular diffuse Working Formulation, Kiel Classification, REAL, WHO

42. Malignant lymphomas - some entities ML of CLL type follicular centre ML diffuse large cell ML Burkitt’s lymphoma

43. Extranodal ML mycosis fungoides Sézary’s syndrome MALToma

44. Hodgkin’s ML nodular lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin’s lymphoma classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma –lymphocyte rich –nodular sclerosis –mixed cellularity –lymphocytic depletion

45. Hodgkin’s ML - staging I. Single lymph node region or single extralympatic organ. II. Two or more lymph node regions or limited contiguous extralymphatic organ on the same side of diaphragm. III. Two or more lymph node regions or limited contiguous extralymphatic organ on both sides of diaphragm. IV. Multiple, disseminated foci of involvement, both sides of diaphragm + bone marrow.

46. Lymph nodes -non- neoplastic diseases reactive lymphadenitis –acute non-specific –chronic non-specific speciphic lymphadenitis –TBC (BCG) –Cat Scratch Disease

47. Spleen - overview enlargement –massive –moderate –mild rupture necrosis

48. Thymus - overview thymic hyperplasia tumors thymoma »benign thymoma - 90 % »thymic carcinoma

49. Thymomas epithelial predominance lymphocyte predominance mixed appendant disease - myasthenia gravis