1. 1 Physiology Exam 1 Study chapters 1-5

2. 2 The cytoplasm includes all material inside the cell membrane except for_____.

3. 3 Nucleus

4. 4 Which elements make up 90% of your body’s mass?

5. 5 Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen

6. 6 The alpha helix and pleated sheets are examples of ____ structure proteins.

7. 7 Secondary

8. 8 A sequence of amino acids are examples of ____ structure proteins.

9. 9 Primary

10. 10 Fibrous proteins (Collagen) and Globular proteins (Hemoglobin) are examples of ____ structure proteins.

11. 11 Quaternary structure

12. 12 A 5M solution of 0.100 mL glucose contains how many grams of glucose? (m.w. of glucose is 180g)

13. 13 M = #mols of solute L of solution 90g glucose

14. 14 Name the six nonmembraneous organelles

15. 15 Cilia Centrioles Microvilli Cytoskeleton Flagella Ribosomes

16. 16 How many primary tissue types are in the human body?

17. 17 Four

18. 18 What are the primary tissue types in the body?

19. 19 Epithelial Connective Muscle Neural

20. 20 Plasma is to blood as ____ is to cytoplasm.

21. 21 Cytosol

22. 22 Clathrin and Caveolae are used in which process by the cell to bring molecules in to the cytoplasm?

23. 23 Endocytosis

24. 24 How does potocytosis differ from endocytosis?

25. 25 Potocytosis uses caveolae rather than clathrin coated pits to bring molecules into the cell.

26. 26 What happens to macromolecules that are too large to enter or leave cells through protein channels or carriers?

27. 27 Cells use two basic mechanisms to import large molecules and particles: phogocytosis and endocytosis.

28. 28 In osmosis water always moves towards the ___ solution, that is the solution with the ___ concentration of solute.

29. 29 Hypertonic, Higher

30. 30 During osmosis, what happens to water once all concentrations are equal?

31. 31 Net movement of water stops.

32. 32 What are the units of osmotic pressure?

33. 33 atmospheres (atm) or millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)

34. 34 If a cell is place in solution A and it swells, solution A is ____.

35. 35 Hypotonic

36. 36 If a cell is place in solution B and it shrinks, solution B is ____.

37. 37 Hypertonic

38. 38 If a cell is place in solution C and it doesn’t change size, solution C is ____.

39. 39 Isotonic

40. 40 The framework of cilia, flagella, centriole, and mitotic spindle is formed by ____.

41. 41 Microtubels

42. 42 What cellular specialization causes fluid to flow over the epithelial surface?

43. 43 Cilia

44. 44 What is the main component of cytosol?

45. 45 Water

46. 46 What layer of skin protects from bacterial, chemical, and mechanical injuries?

47. 47 Epidermis

48. 48 What layer of skin contains adipose tissue?

49. 49 Hypodermis

50. 50 What is the movement of molecules across the cell membrane with the aid of a membrane protein?

51. 51 Facilitated diffusion

52. 52 Where are receptors molecules for chemical signaling located?

53. 53 Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus

54. 54 What is a bond in which atoms are completely lost or gained during bonding?

55. 55 Ionic Bond

56. 56 What is a molecule whose shared electrons are distributed so evenly that there are no regions of partial charge?

57. 57 Non-polar molecules

58. 58 What is an antioxidant?

59. 59 A molecule that alters free radicals

60. 60 What would we expect from a cell with an extensive Golgi Apparatus?

61. 61 Secretion of a lot of material

62. 62 What would we expect from a cell with a large number of Mitochondria?

63. 63 Production of large amounts of energy (ATP).

64. 64 You conduct a study on 20 18 year olds (subjects) to see how intensity of exercise influence heart rate. What is the dependent variable?

65. 65 Heart rate

66. 66 You conduct a study on 20 18 year olds (subjects) to see how intensity of exercise influence heart rate. What is the independent variable?

67. 67 Intensity of exercise

68. 68 What is a bond that results when two atoms share a pair of electrons, one from each atom?

69. 69 Covalent bond

70. 70 Of the following bonds; hydrogen, covalent, and Van der Waals Forces, which bond usually requires input of energy to be broken?

71. 71 Covalent bonds

72. 72 The cells of any tissue are held together by specialized connections called_____.

73. 73 Cell Junctions

74. 74 _____ junctions create cytoplasmic communication bridges between adjoining cells so that chemical and electrical signaling pass rapidly from one cell to the next.

75. 75 Gap Junctions

76. 76 What cell junction are occluding.

77. 77 Tight junctions

78. 78 Which type of junctions create what is called the blood-brain barrier?

79. 79 Tight junctions

80. 80 Which type use Cadherin proteins?

81. 81 Desmosomes (anchoring junctions)

82. 82 Which type of junctions Connexin proteins?

83. 83 Gap junctions

84. 84 What is protein specificity?

85. 85 The ability of a protein to bind to a specific ligand or group of closely related molecules.

86. 86 True or False? One function of a membrane protein is to produce energy.

87. 87 False

88. 88 Cytoplasmic protein fibers come in three sizes. Which is the largest?

89. 89 Microtubles

90. 90 Cytoplasmic protein come in three sizes. Which is the smallest?

91. 91 Micro filaments

92. 92 Cytoplasmic protein come in three sizes. Which is the mid-size?

93. 93 Intermediate filaments

94. 94 What is a molecule that binds to another molecule?

95. 95 Ligand

96. 96 What is a ligand that binds to enzymes and membrane transporters.

97. 97 Substrates

98. 98 The internal skeleton of a cell is composed of what?

99. 99 Micro filaments Microtubels Intermidiate filaments

100. 100 How do proteins and other substances get from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi Apparatus?

101. 101 Vesicles

102. 102 In the cell what are the sacs that digest things called?

103. 103 Lysosomes

104. 104 Where in the cell are lipids manufactured?

105. 105 Smooth ER

106. 106 What is a major difference of active transport and facilitated diffusion?

107. 107 Facilitated diffusion does not require ATP

108. 108 True of False? One function of the cytoskeleton is to maintain a critical size limit on the cell.

109. 109 False

110. 110 What is it called when a group of carrier proteins operate at its maximum rate?

111. 111 Saturation

112. 112 Name the two ways the selectivity of a channel is determined.

113. 113 Diameter of its central pore Electrical Charge of the amino acids that line the channel

114. 114 This type of channel spends most of its time in a closed state?

115. 115 Gated channels

116. 116 This type of channel allows ions to move back and forth across the membrane without regulation and is sometimes called “leak channels or pores?”

117. 117 Open Channels