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Electromagnetic Waves

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Presentation on theme: "Electromagnetic Waves"— Presentation transcript:

1 Electromagnetic Waves
Maxwell's Equations Chapter 34

2 Ampere’s Law is Wrong! Maxwell realized Ampere’s Law is not self-consistent This isn’t an experimental argument, but a theoretical one Consider a parallel plate capacitor getting charged by a wire Consider an Ampere surface between the plates Consider an Ampere surface in front of plates But they must give the same answer! There must be something else that creates B-fields Note that for the first surface, there is also an electric field accumulating in capacitor Maybe electric fields? Take the time derivative of this formula Speculate : This replaces I for first surface I I This is in Chapter 34 now. It used to be in chapter 30 and pg 37 of my notes. CT-5 from chapter 30 can now be used for 34.

3 Ampere’s Law (New Recipe)
Is this self-consistent? Consider two surfaces with the same boundary I1 I2 Gauss’s Law for electric fields E2 E1 This makes sense! B

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5 All of electricity and magnetism is somewhere on this page
Maxwell’s Equations We now have four formulas that describe how to get electric and magnetic fields from charges and currents Gauss’s Law Gauss’s Law for Magnetism Ampere’s Law (final version) Faraday’s Law Collectively, these are called Maxwell’s Equations There is also a formula for forces on charges Called Lorentz Force All of electricity and magnetism is somewhere on this page Inside materials, these formulas are sometimes modified to include the effects of the reaction of the materials (like dielectric constants) These formulas commonly rewritten in derivative form

6 Electromagnetic Waves
Wave solutions We can solve Maxwell’s Equations (take my word for it) and come up with two “simple” differential equations. I could have used cosine instead, it makes no difference I chose arbitrarily to make it move in the x-direction These are waves where we have .

7 Show that satisfies On board

8 Wave Equations summarized:
Waves look like: Related by: Two independent solutions to these equations: E0 B0 Note that E, B, and direction of travel are all mutually perpendicular The two solutions are called polarizations We describe polariza-tion by telling which way E-field points E0 B0 Do thing with y = x^2. y = (x-3)^2. y = (x-t)^2. Note there are other polarization (ex diagonal). Note E  B is in direction of motion

9 Understanding Directions for Waves
The wave can go in any direction you want The electric field must be perpendicular to the wave direction The magnetic field is perpendicular to both of them Recall: E  B is in direction of motion A wave has an electric field given by E = j E0 sin(kz – t). What does the magnetic field look like? A) B = i (E0/c) sin(kz - t) B) B = k (E0/c) sin(kz - t) C) B = - i (E0/c) sin(kz - t) D) B = - k (E0/c) sin(kz - t) The magnitude of the wave is B0 = E0 / c The wave is traveling in the z-direction, because of sin(kz - t). The wave must be perpendicular to the E-field, so perpendicular to j The wave must be perpendicular to direction of motion, to k It must be in either +i direction or –i direction If in +i direction, then E  B would be in direction j  i = - k, wrong So it had better be in the –i direction

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11 The meaning of c: Waves traveling at constant speed
Keep track of where they vanish c is the velocity of these waves This is the speed of light Light is electromagnetic waves! But there are also many other types of EM waves The constant c is one of the most important fundamental constants of the universe

12 Wavelength and wave number
The quantity k is called the wave number The wave repeats in time It also repeats in space  EM waves most commonly described in terms of frequency or wavelength Some of these equations must be modified when inside a material

13 Solve on Board

14 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Different types of waves are classified by their frequency (or wavelength) Boundaries are arbitrary and overlap Visible is nm Radio Waves Microwaves Infrared Visible Ultraviolet X-rays Gamma Rays f Increasing  Increasing Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet Which of the following waves has the highest speed in vacuum? A) Infrared B) Orange C) Green D) Blue E) It’s a tie F) Not enough info Vermillion Saffron Chartreuse Turquoise Indigo

15 Energy and the Poynting Vector
Let’s find the energy density in the wave Now let’s define the Poynting vector: It is energy density times the speed at which the wave is moving It points in the direction energy is moving It represents the flow of energy in a particular direction, energy/area/time Units:

16 Intensity and the Poynting vector
The time-averaged Poynting vector is called the Intensity Power per unit area In Richard Williams’ lab, a laser can (briefly) produce 50 GW of power and be focused onto a region 1 m2 in area. How big are the electric and magnetic fields?

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18 Momentum and Pressure Light carries energy – can it carry momentum?
Yes – but it’s hard to prove p is the total momentum of a wave and U the total energy Suppose we have a wave, moving into a perfect absorber (black body) As they are absorbed, they transfer momentum Intensity: As waves hit the wall they transfer their momentum Pressure on a perfect absorber: When a wave bounces off a mirror, the momentum is reversed The change in momentum is doubled The pressure is doubled

19 Cross-Section: To calculate the power falling on an object, all that matters is the light that hits it Example, a rectangle parallel to the light feels no pressure Ask yourself: what area does the light see? This is called the cross section If light of intensity S hits an absorbing sphere of radius a, what is the force on that sphere? A) a2S/c B) 2a2S/c C) 4a2S/c As viewed from any side, a sphere looks like a circle of radius a The cross section for a sphere, then, is a2

20 Sample Problem: A 150 W bulb is burning at 6% efficiency. What is the force on a mirror square mirror 10 cm on a side 1 m away from the bulb perpendicular to the light hitting it? 1 m Light is distributed in all directions equally over the sphere of radius 1 m

21 Solve on Board

22 Sources of EM waves A charge at rest produces no EM waves
There’s no magnetic field A charge moving at uniform velocity produces no EM waves Obvious if you were moving with the charge An accelerating charge produces electromagnetic waves Consider a current that changes suddenly Current stops – magnetic field diminishes Changing B-field produces E-field Changing E-field produces B-field You have a wave +

23 Simple Antennas To produce long wavelength waves, easiest to use an antenna AC source plus two metal rods Some charge accumulates on each rod This creates an electric field The charging involves a current This creates a magnetic field It constantly reverses, creating a wave Works best if each rod is ¼ of a wavelength long The power in any direction is – – – – – – ++++++ distance r

24 Common Sources of EM Radiation
Radio Waves Antennas Microwaves Klystron, Magnetron Infrared Hot objects Visible Outer electrons in atoms Ultraviolet Inner electrons in atoms X-rays Accelerated electrons Gamma Rays Nuclear reactions


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