1. Volcanoes

3. How do Volcanoes form? Volcanoes form when hot material from the mantle rises and leaks into the crust.rises The hot material, called magma, rising from lower ground, gathers in a reservoir called the magma chamber.magma chamber Eventually, but not always, the magma erupts onto the surface and forms lava. eruptslava

4. Formation of a Volcano This is a drawing of magma making it's way up through the crust, causing the volcano to expand prior to eruption.

5. Where do Volcanoes form? At Subduction zones Along Hot Spots/plumes The opening in Earth’s surface which allow material to escape is called a vent.

6. What is Hot Spot? An area in the middle of a lithospheric plate where magma rises from the mantle and causes eruptions at the Earth's surface. If the hot spot forces magma to the surface during an eruption, it may create a volcano. Continual eruptions could eventually build a whole island on the surface. (Ex. Hawaii) The hot spot is stationary and the plate moves over it.

7. Hot spots cont…… Hot spots may cause the formation of geysers or hot springs, rather than lava based eruptions.

9. Hot Spot

10. Types of Volcanic Eruptions Explosive: Short, violent eruptions that break lava into smaller pieces (cinders and ash) Effusive: Slow, continual eruptions of lava

11. Categories for Volcanoes Active Has erupted in the last 100 years Dormant Has erupted in the last 1000 years Extinct Hasn’t erupted in over 1000 years

12. Types of Volcanoes Composite/StratoVolcanoes Formed by Alternating layers of lava and ash Typically steep sided and have a high elevation. Explosive Eruptions Ex. Mount Fuji, Japan Mount St. Helens, WA

13. Types of Volcanoes cont….. Shield Volcanoes Formed by continuous eruption of lava over long periods of time. Usually very large at the base and not very steep. Effusive eruptions Ex. Mauna Loa and Kilauea in Hawaii

14. Example of Shield Volcano

15. Types of Volcanoes Cindercone Formed from the eruption of lava fragments called cinders. Usually form quite rapidly and are tall and steep sided. Not as tall as Strato and not as wide as Shield Ex. Mount Paricutin in Mexico

16. Cindercone

17. Types of Volcanic Hazards Lava: Two categories based on appearance Aa Pahoehoe

18. Lava--Pahoehoe Lava that has a smooth, ropy surface. Typically slow moving and cooling

19. Pahoehoe

20. Volcanic Hazards Aa Lava: Rigid, spiky lava Fast cooling, viscous

21. Aa lava

22. Volcanic Hazards Tephra: Material that is ejected from the volcano Size decreases as distance from volcano increases Ex. Cinders, ash, bomb Damage can include: lightening, respiratory problems, interference with aircraft, destruction of vegetation, building collapse

23. Volcanic Hazards Poisonous Gases Gas developed as magma heats water vapor Typical gases released: Carbon Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, Hydrochloric Acid Poisonous in large amounts

24. Volcanic Hazards Pyroclastic Flow Fluidized masses of rock fragments and gases that move rapidly in response to gravity Very fast and cause more death than any other hazard Pyroclastic flows can incinerate, burn, and asphyxiate people.

25. Pyroclastic Flow

26. http://www.geo.mtu.edu/volcanoes/hazards/primer/pyro.html

27. Volcanic Hazards Lahar Form from debris avalanches that contain water from snow and ice which, when released, mixes with loose debris to form a lahar Massive flooding Extremely dangerous for people living close to a volcanic eruption

28. Lahar