1. Online Counseling Resource YCMOU ELearning Drive… School of Architecture, Science and Technology Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University, Nashik – 422222, India

2. SBT/SBI/SGS011-CP3-01 Introduction Programmes and Courses  SEP –SBT011 -U3-CP1  SEP – SGS011-U3-CP1

3. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Credits  Academic Inputs by Sonali Alkari Faculty YCMOU Nagpur Centre, Faculty LAD college P.G. D of Biotechnology Research officer Ankur Seeds Pvt Ltd sonalisa_alkari@yahoo.co.in Sonalisaal@rediffmail.com 3© 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.

4. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.4 How to Use This Resource  Counselor at each study center should use this presentation to deliver lecture of 40-60 minutes during Face-To-Face counseling.  Discussion about students difficulties or tutorial with assignments should follow the lecture for about 40-60 minutes.  Handouts (with 6 slides on each A4 size page) of this presentation should be provided to each student.  Each student should discuss on the discussion forum all the terms which could not be understood. This will improve his writing skills and enhance knowledge level about topics, which shall be immensely useful for end exam.  Appear several times, for all the Self-Tests, available for this course.  Student can use handouts for last minutes preparation just before end exam.

5. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.5 Learning Objectives After studying this module, you should be able to: Describe diversity of plant kingdom Characterized plant Describe vascular and non vascular plant Describe various subphylum of gymnosperm and angiosperm

6. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… What are Plants?  Plants (of the kingdom Plantae) are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that develop from an embryo and that have cell walls and chloroplasts.  Plants are distinguished from algae (from which they are descended) by a higher degree of multicellular complexity.  And from fungi by the ability to photosynthesize (those few plants that have lost this ability evolved from others that could). 6© 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.

7. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Characteristics of Plants  Almost all plants live on land and have adapted to the conditions on land through the development of a waxy cuticle to prevent drying out,  Structures to absorb and transport water throughout their bodies (the bryophytes are an exception), and rigid internal support to remain erect without the buoyancy available in water.  This rigidity is provided in large part by the cell wall, which is composed of cellulose, a complex carbohydrate, and lignin, a phenolic compound that stiffens the cellulose fibers. 7© 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.

8. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Plant diversity © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.8

9. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Characteristics of Plants  The plant life cycle has two distinct multicellular phases: a haploid phase (in which chromosomes are present only as single copies) and a diploidphase (in which chromosomes are present in pairs).  The haploid organism produces gametes that fuse to form an embryo, which develops into the diploid organism.  The diploid organism produces haploid spores that germinate to form the haploid organism. This “alternation of generations” is found only in plants and some algae. © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.9

10. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Characteristics of Plants  Almost all plants photosynthesize, using the sun’s energy to power the production of sugar from carbon dioxide and water.  Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, membrane- bound organelles that contain the green pigment chlorophyll.  Chloroplasts are descended from free-living photosynthetic bacteria that became symbiotic partners of ancient single-celled plant ancestors.  Evidence of the chloroplast’s bacterial origin is found in the presence of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) within it, as well as its size and structure. © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.10

11. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Plant Diversity  Plants are classified into twelve phyla (sometimes called divisions) in two major groups.  The bryophytes are the most primitive group, lacking vascular Plant tissues for the transport of water.  There are three phyla of bryophytes—the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts—that together comprise about 24,000 species.  In contrast, plants in the second group, the tracheophytes, have well developed vascular systems. © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.11

12. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Plant Diversity © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.12

13. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Plant Diversity © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.13

14. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Bryophytes/Non-vascular Plants  The bryophytes consist of the liverworts, hornworts, and mosses, and as their name implies none of these plants possess vascular tissues.  Since bryophytes are land plants, they need to support themselves in air. However, because they lack lignified vascular tissues, this support must be provided largely by the turgor pressure of their cells.  Consequently, they cannot grow to be very tall, and most bryophytes are small and rather inconspicuous.  An additional important feature of their lifestyle is their reproductive system. © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.14

15. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Bryophytes/Non-vascular Plants  The male gametes, produced by reproductive structures called antheridia, are free- swimming sperm cells that need water to transport them to the female gametes, which are enclosed within structures called archegonia.  Because of the need for water, bryophytes are especially common in wet habitats such as bogs, stream banks, and in moist forests.  However, they are not restricted to these habitats, and some mosses thrive in deserts, above the tree line, and in the Arctic tundra. © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.15

16. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Tracheophytes/Vascular plant  There are three major groups of tracheophytes: seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.  Ferns, which reproduce without seeds, contain approximately 13,000 species.  Three phyla of seedless vascular plants are (Psilophyta, Lycopodophyta, and Equisetophyta) together include just over 1,000 species.  Seeds are structures that contain an embryo and food reserves wrapped in a protective seed coat. © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.16

17. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Gymnosperms -1  The gymnosperms probably evolved from an extinct phylum of seedless vascular plants, the progymnosperms, that appeared about 380 million years ago.  Progymnosperms reproduced by means of spores like the former, but their vascular tissues were very similar to those of living conifers.  The oldest true gymnosperms, which produce seeds rather than spores, first appeared about 365 million years ago.  The evolution of seeds, with their hard, resilient coats, was almost certainly a key factor in the success of the group. © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.17

18. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Gymnosperms-2  A second factor was the evolution of pollen grains to protect and transport the male gametes  As a consequence of this, gymnosperms, unlike seedless vascular plants, were no longer dependent on water for successful fertilization and could broadcast their male gametes on the wind.  In the gymnosperms, the seed develops on structures exposed to the environment.  Gymnosperms include Ginkophyta, which contains only one species, Ginkgo biloba; Cycadophyta (220 species);Gnetophyta (68 species); and Coniferophyta (588 species). © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.18

19. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Gymnosperms-3 © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.19

20. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Gymnosperms-4  Conifers bear in cones and include many familiar needle-bearing evergreens, such as pine, spruce, and fir.  The conifers are by far the most abundant and diverse, and many species are of considerable ecological and economic importance.  Most conifers are well adapted to dry environments, particularly in their leaf morphology, and some can withstand severe cold.  These features may have enabled them to thrive in the Permian, when Earth became much drier and colder than it had been in the Carboniferous. © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.20

21. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Angiosperms/Anthophyta  The angiosperms, or flowering plants, are all members of the phylum Anthophyta.  Anthophyta, or angiosperms, enclose their seeds within ovaries.  There are at least 250,000 species, making the group easily the most diverse of all plant phyla.  They share a number of features that distinguish them from other plant groups.  The most obvious of these is the possession of flowers, highly modified shoots that carry the male and female reproductive structures. © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.21

22. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Angiosperms/Anthophyta  They also carry out a process called double fertilization, in which two male gametes (sperm nuclei) are released from the pollen tube into the ovule.  One of these sperm nuclei fuses with an egg cell in a similar way to gymnosperms.  The second nucleus (which degenerates in most gymnosperms) fertilizes other cells in the ovule called polar nuclei.  Most commonly, two polar nuclei fuse with the sperm nucleus to form a triploid endosperm nucleus. © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.22

23. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Angiosperms/Anthophyta  The tissue that forms from this fusion is called endosperm, which in most angiosperms provides nutrients for the developing embryo.  A third feature that separates angiosperms from gymnosperms is that angiosperm embryos are protected by an ovary wall, which develops into a fruit after fertilization has taken place.  In contrast, gymnosperm embryos are held relatively unprotected on the surfaces of ovule-bearing scales in the female cones. © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.23

24. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… What You Learn - 1… You have learnt that…  Plants (of the kingdom Plantae) are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that develop from an embryo and that have cell walls and chloroplasts.  The plant life cycle has two distinct multicellular phases: a haploid phase and a diploidphase. The bryophytes are the most primitive group, lacking vascular Plant tissues for the transport of water. There are three phyla of bryophytes—the mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. The tracheophytes, have well developed vascular systems. 24© 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.

25. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… What You Learn - 2… You have learnt that… There are three major groups of tracheophytes: seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. Gymnosperms, unlike seedless vascular plants, were no longer dependent on water for successful fertilization and could broadcast their male gametes on the wind. Angiosperm carry out a process called double fertilization, in which two male gametes (sperm nuclei) are released from the pollen tube into the ovule. 25© 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.

26. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Critical Thinking Questions 1.Describe is details diversity of plant kingdom 2.Describe gymnosperm in details. 3.Describe angiosperms. 4.Describe bryophytes. © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.26

27. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Hints For Critical Thinking Question 1.Describe characters of plant and bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperm and angiosperm. 2.gymnosperms, are not dependent on water for successful fertilization and could broadcast their male gametes on the wind and the seed develops on structures exposed tt the environment. 3.Angiosperms, enclose their seeds within ovaries, flowers, double fertilization and triple fussion. 4.Antheridia, archegonia and fertilization by water medium. © 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.27

28. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Study Tips  Book1 Title: The Living World Author: George Johnson  Book2 Title: ABC Of Biology Publisher: Holy Faith  Book3 Title: Biological Science Author: Taylor, Green & Stout 28© 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.

29. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… Study Tips www.en.wikipedia.org Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Wikipedia the free encyclopedia 29© 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.

30. School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource… End of the Presentation Thank You 30© 2008, YCMOU. All Rights Reserved.