1. ROLE AND INFLUENCE OF MAIN INTEREST GROUPS IN THE NATIONAL TRADE POLICY MAKING PROCESS IN KENYA BY C.H. ONYANGO

2. OUTLINE Introduction Rationale for stakeholder participation Role of Interest Groups Key Interest Groups How interest groups influence policy Conclusion

3. INTRODUCTION-1 Major trade policy reforms in Kenya – Prices decontrols – Removal/reduction of import duties – Removal of quantitative restrictions – Export promotion etc Increased integration in world economy – Reduction of av. MFN tariffs from 18% in 2000 to 12.7% in 2007 – Growth in trade – exports and imports – Increase of exports in regional trade – EAC, COMESA Mixed effects i.e. Winners and Losers – Factors of production – Employment and – Household welfare

4. INTRODUCTION-2

5. RATIONALE FOR STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION Necessity to complement efforts for maximization of benefits of trade reforms Inclusive approaches in design and sequencing of liberalization Sound Investment programmes Ownership and acceptance Social protection

6. ROLE OF STAKEHOLDERS Advisory Financing Research & analysis Capacity building Advocacy Dissemination Development programmes Investment & Job creation

7. KEY INTEREST GROUPS 1. PUBLIC SECTOR Ministries Parastatals Other agencies 2. PRIVATE SECTOR KEPSA, KAM, KNNCI Sectoral Associations – FPEAK, KFC, KDB, KPCU 3. International & Regional Development Institutions World Bank International Monetary Fund International Finance Corporation UNCTAD ADB EADB ACBFetc

8. KEY INTEREST GROUPS 4. REGIONAL & INTERNATIONAL TRADE ORGANIZATIONS African Union, EAC,COMESA, IGAD ACP group, Commonwealth, European Union World Trade Organization 5. BILATERAL DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES USAID, EC, DFID, SIDA, CIDA etc

9. KEY INTEREST GROUPS 6.NON-GOVERNMENTAL & CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS CUTS, OXFAM, ECONEWS, IEA, ACTION-AID, CARE INTERNATION, AMREF, CDC etc 7. Academic and Research Institutions – Public Universities – Research Institutes – KIPPRA, IPAR, Tegemeo etc 8. Others Media Consumers

10. HOW INTEREST GROUPS INFLUENCE POLICY 1. Private sector – Participation in Standing committees, task- forces and key decision-making organs – lobbying – Individual firms/associations – Consultations – Round-tables, breakfast meetings, workshops, seminars – Petitions & threats 2. International & Regional Development Institutions – Macro-economic reforms – Grants and loans – Projects and programmes

11. HOW INTEREST GROUPS INFLUENCE POLICY 3. Regional & International Trade Organizations – Negotiations – Signature & ratification of trade agreements – Technical/financial support – Projects & Programmes 4. Bilateral Development Agencies – Grants and loans – Projects and programmes

12. HOW INTEREST GROUPS INFLUENCE POLICY 5. Civil Society Organizations – Advocacy – Workshops, seminars – Media- Press conferences – Demonstrations 6. Academic and Research Institutions – Research and analysis – Advisory – Standing committees and decision- making organs

13. HOW INTEREST GROUPS INFLUENCE POLICY 7. Media Outreach programmes Discussion forums Impacts, Feed-backs

14. CONCLUSION 1. Increasingly consultative 2. Un-balanced influence A dominant public sector and external participants Dis-jointed private sector, NGO and Civil Society Organizations 3. Lack of effective representation of consumers 4. Role of media 5. Room for building stronger partnerships