1. EVOLUTION REVIEW Chapters 22-24
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2. Inherited characteristic that increases and organism’s chances
Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in a specific environment
fitness
Inherited characteristic that
increases and organism’s chances
for survival
adaptation

3. Describe the main points of Darwin’s theory of evolution
Natural variation in population provides basis
for natural selection to act
Overproduction of offspring forces competition for resources (struggle for survival)
Organisms best suited to their environment will survive
and reproduce; Other organisms die or leave fewer
offspring (survival of the fittest/natural selection)
Species alive today have descended with modification from ancestral species that lived in the distant past
All organisms are united into a single “tree of life” (common descent)

4. Differences among individuals within a species
Change in a population over time
evolution
Differences among individuals
within a species
Natural variation

5. Homologous structures
Structures that develop from the same embryonic tissues, but have different mature forms
Homologous structures
Organs that are historical remnants of structures that had important functions in ancestors
Vestigial organs

6. Preserved remains of an ancient organism fossil
Islands that Darwin visited on his
voyage on the Beagle that started
him thinking about how organisms
change over time
Galapagos

7. One species of spotted skunk mates in late summer, and another mates in late winter. This is an example of a _____ zygotic reproductive barrier called ______________ isolation
pre
temporal

8. Descent with Modifications
Concept that each living species has descended with changes from other species over time
Descent with Modifications
Idea that organisms that are
best suited to their environment will survive and reproduce
Survival of the Fittest

9. Bell-shaped curve (OR normal distribution)
Type of distribution curve shown by
polygenic traits
Bell-shaped curve (OR normal distribution)
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10. GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF A PHYSICAL ADAPTATION
Webbed feet, horns, antlers,
claws, feathers, wings, camouflage,
there are a million
GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF A BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATION
Nocturnal (coming out at night);
Flying south for the winter, living in herds,
“wagon train” defense; burrowing; hibernation

11. Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve
When humans select and breed animals with certain useful traits from the natural variation in the population
Artificial selection
Process by which unrelated
organisms independently evolve
similarities when adapting to
similar environments
Convergent evolution

12. Book published by Charles Darwin in which he proposed a mechanism
and provided evidence for his
Theory of Evolution
“On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection”
Process by which related organisms evolve differences when they are isolated in different environments
Divergent evolution

13. The bones in the diagrams below are examples of
____________ structures
Homologous

14. Alfred Russel Wallace Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Naturalist who gave Darwin incentive to
publish his ideas about evolution by
writing an essay that described similar
ideas.
Alfred Russel Wallace
French naturalist who hypothesized
that organisms acquire traits during
their lifetime through use or disuse
which can be passed on to offspring
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

15. Explain what was incorrect about Lamarck’s
Inheritance of Acquired Traits
hypothesis
Genes determine which traits are passed on;
unless genes are changed the acquired trait will
only show in the original organism
Explain what was correct about Lamarck’s
Inheritance of Acquired Traits
hypothesis
First theory about evolution;
Organisms do change and adapt to their environments

16. Male fireflies of one species signal females of the same species by blinking their lights in a specific pattern. Other firefly species have different patterns. This is an example of a _____ zygotic reproductive barrier called ______________ isolation
pre
Behavioral

17. Name 3 kinds of evidence that supports Darwin’s THEORY OF EVOLUTION
Fossils
Geographic distribution
Homologous structures
Vestigial organs
Embryology DNA
Pseudogenes
Artificial selection
Can see natural selection work antibiotic resistance, new diseases,

18. One species of garter snake is primarily aquatic, while another closely related species is primarily terrestrial. This is an example of a _____ zygotic reproductive barrier called ______________ isolation
pre
Habitat

19. What Darwin called natural selection?
The idea that all species, living and extinct, were derived from a common ancestor
Common descent
What Darwin called natural
selection?
Survival of the fittest

20. The practice of breeding dogs to produce offspring with specific
Measuring lima beans and finding beans come in different sizes is an example of
____________
Natural variation
The practice of breeding dogs to
produce offspring with specific
traits is an example of
_________________
artificial selection

21. A human’s appendix and a skink’s legs are examples of _______________
Vestigial organs
How would Lamarck
explain these giraffes
with longer necks?
Giraffes stretched their necks to
reach food in tall trees and this
acquired characteristic is passed
on to their offspring.
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22. How would Darwin explain these giraffes with longer necks?
Populations naturally have
individuals with different
sizes of necks
(natural variation)
The ones with longer necks
are better able to get food, survive, and pass on their longer neck alleles.
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23. Evolutionary change on the smallest scale like new strains of HIV evolving from current HIV virus is called ______ evolution
Which variable is used to represent the frequency of the dominant allele in a Hardy Weinberg problem?
micro p

24. According to this diagram, modern whales have a vestigial pelvis
and femur. What does this suggest
about ancestors of modern whales?
Ancestors of modern whales had legs and
walked on land
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25. The adaptations in species of finches that Darwin observed on the Galάpagos Islands were
different shaped _____________
beaks
Why did Darwin first hesitate to
publish his ideas about evolution?
His findings challenged fundamental scientific beliefs at the time

26. A possible explanation for a set of observations or a possible answer to a scientific question
Change in the DNA sequence of an organism due to mistakes in replication or damage from radiation or chemicals
hypothesis
mutation

27. Who is the scientist that proposed
the idea that forces which have been
changing the Earth are still at work?
Charles Lyell
Who realized that human populations
were increasing and said eventually there would not be enough food and space for everyone?
Thomas Malthus

28. Whales and wolves share a common ancestor, but have evolved to look very different. This is an example of _____________ evolution.
divergent
What do we call genes that have lost their function due to mutations?
pseudogenes

29. Tell one piece of evidence that suggests human chromosome #2 evolved by joining 2 smaller ancestor chromosomes.
Banding pattern matches
It has telomeres in the middle
instead of just at the ends.
It has an extra inactive centromere
instead of just one.

30. Give an example of homologous structures
Human arm, bird wing, whale flipper
Give an example of a pseudogene you learned about
Vitamin C gene in primates, genes for “smell” in humans

31. A well supported, testable explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world is called a ______________
Name the ship that Darwin spent 5 years on traveling around the world.
theory
H.M.S. Beagle

32. Who is the scientist that proposed the idea of that forces have been changing the Earth and have been at work for millions of years?
James Hutton
Who is the scientist that proposed the idea of “Inheritance of
Acquired Traits”?
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

33. Survival of the fittest; natural selection
Who is the scientist that proposed
an idea about evolution which
prompted Darwin to publish his theory?
Alfred Wallace
When lions prey on a herd of antelope, some antelope are killed and some escape. Which part of Darwin’s theory of evolution might be used to describe this situation?
Survival of the fittest; natural selection

34. Explain what was incorrect about Lamarck’s
Inheritance of Acquired Traits
hypothesis
TRAITS ARE DETERMINED BY GENES; ACQUIRED TRAITS ARE NOT PASSED ON
Explain what was correct about Lamarck’s
Inheritance of Acquired Traits
hypothesis
LIVING THINGS CHANGE OVER TIME TO BEST FIT THEIR ENVIRONMENTS

35. Another name for divergent evolution is ________________
What Darwin called “survival of the fittest”
_________________
Another name for “struggle for existence” is _______________
Adaptive radiation
Natural selection
competition

36. C. Darwin didn’t know about DNA!
Darwin’s concept of evolution was influenced by all of the following EXCEPT
A. the work of Charles Lyell and James Hutton
B. his collection of specimens and fossils
C. his knowledge of the structure of DNA
D. his voyage around the world
E. Malthus’s ideas about populations and resources
C. Darwin didn’t know about DNA!

37. Whales and sharks are not closely related, but have evolved to have similar body shapes and fins because they live in similar environments. This is an example of _____________ evolution.
convergent

38. Random mating NO mutations
TELL THE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THE HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE HOLDS TRUE:
Random mating
LARGE population
NO mutations
NO movement IN OR OUT
NO natural selection

39. All of these statements about the structure of
human chromosome #2 provide evidence for
evolution EXCEPT
A. Its banding pattern matches the pattern seen on two smaller chimp chromosomes
B. It has telomeres in the center, as well as at the ends
C. It carries a functional gene for making vitamin C
D. It has an extra non-functional centromere
C. Humans have a nonfunctional vitamin C making gene,
and its not on chromosome #2

40. Name the type of selection shown in the diagram below.
Directional selection
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41. Traits controlled by two or more genes
Polygenic trait
Process by which related organisms evolve differences when they are isolated in different environments
Divergent evolution OR Adaptive radiation

42. Measuring lima beans and finding beans come in different sizes is an example of ____________
Natural variation
Process by which unrelated
organisms independently evolve
similarities when adapting to
similar environments or to solve similar problems
Convergent evolution

43. Stabilizing
In _____________ selection, individuals near the center of a normal curve of distribution have higher fitness than those at the extremes
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44. A change in a DNA sequence caused by a mistake in DNA replication or exposure to radiation or chemicals
mutation
Changes in the allele frequency in a small population that are due to random chance and don’t follow the laws of probability
Genetic drift

45. All the genes, including all the different alleles, in a population
Gene pool
A situation in which the allele
frequencies in a population do NOT
change and the population does NOT EVOLVE
Genetic equilibrium

46. A change in allele frequencies due to the migration of a small subgroup of a population to a new place
Founder effect
Idea that allele frequency will remain constant unless one or more factors cause those frequencies
to change
Hardy-Weinberg Principle

47. The copulatory organs of two insect species do not fit together
The copulatory organs of two insect species do not fit together. This is an example of a _____ zygotic reproductive barrier called ______________ isolation
pre
mechanical
lhttp://newhaven828.typepad.com/.a/6a00d8347ae50569e200e5538e3c2e pi

48. Tell the 2 equations needed to solve Hardy Weinberg problems
p + q = 1
P2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
The number of times a certain allele occurs in a gene pool
compared to the number of times
other alleles for the same gene occur
Relative frequency

49. caused by mistakes in copying DNA caused by radiation
Tell two sources of genetic variation in populations
Mutations
caused by mistakes in copying DNA caused by radiation
or environmental chemicals
Gene shuffling during meiosis
crossing over
independent assortment

50. In ___________ selection, individuals at the extreme ends of the normal distribution curve have higher fitness than those near the center of the curve
disruptive
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51. Name the type of selection shown in the diagram below.
Stabilizing selection
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52. directional selection
WHICH PATTERN of SELECTION IS IT?
stabilizing disruptive directional
Lighter colored peppered moths were more common in England prior to the Industrial revolution. As pollution increased, the darker colored moths were less likely to be eaten. Over time darker colored moths have become more abundant in the population.
directional selection

53. directional
In ___________ selection individuals at one end of the normal distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end
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54. If all the conditions of Hardy-Weinberg are met, what happens to the population?
Which variable is used to represent the frequency of the RECESSIVE PHENOTYPE in a population in a Hardy Weinberg problem?
There is NO EVOLUTION q2

55. Can all the conditions of Hardy-Weinberg ever be met?
MOST OF THE TIME NO WAY!
You can have small & isolated populations (no moving in or out) BUT. . . there is always non-random mating, mutations, & natural selection. So there is ALMOST ALWAYS EVOLUTION HAPPENING !

56. Punctuated equilibrium
Darwin believed in the idea that evolution happened slowly over a long period of time called __________
Pattern of evolution in which long
stable periods of little evolution
interrupted by brief periods of rapid change
gradualism
Punctuated equilibrium

57. A change in relative frequency of alleles in a population
The clan of “blue people” in Kentucky we learned about is an example of ___________ effect
founder
A change in relative frequency of alleles in a population
evolution

58. Punctuated equilibrium
WHICH PATTERN IS IT?
coevolution adaptive radiation divergent evolution
punctuated equilibrium mass extinction
Horse evolution shows long stable periods
of little evolution interrupted by brief
periods of rapid change
Punctuated equilibrium
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59. Mass extinction WHICH PATTERN IS IT?
coevolution adaptive radiation divergent evolution
punctuated equilibrium mass extinction
At the end of the Cretaceous period an asteroid
hit the Earth causing the loss of many species
including the dinosaurs
Mass extinction

60. Adaptive radiation (divergent evolution)
WHICH PATTERN IS IT?
coevolution adaptive radiation divergent evolution
punctuated equilibrium mass extinction
The Galápagos finches evolved through natural
selection from a common ancestor into a wide
variety of different looking species with different
kinds of beaks
Adaptive radiation (divergent evolution)

61. coevolution WHICH PATTERN IS IT?
coevolution adaptive radiation divergent evolution
punctuated equilibrium mass extinction
Hummingbirds have a beak just the right length
to reach the nectar in a cardinal flower and as
they feed their foreheads bump into the pollen structure. Cardinal flowers are red which
hummingbirds can see, but bees can’t, and their
pollen structure is at just the right height for
the hummingbird to pick up pollen as it feeds.
coevolution

62. Convergent evolution WHICH PATTERN IS IT?
coevolution adaptive radiation divergent evolution
punctuated equilibrium mass extinction
Whales, sharks, and penguins all have streamlined
bodies and fins/flipper for moving in water
even though they belong in different animal groups
(mammals, fish, and birds)
Convergent evolution

63. Adaptive radiation OR divergent evolution
WHICH PATTERN IS IT?
coevolution adaptive radiation divergent evolution
punctuated equilibrium mass extinction
Beaver
NORTH AMERICA
Muskrat
Capybara
SOUTH AMERICA
Coypu
Beaver and Muskrat
Beaver in North America and capybara in South America are closely related species living in very different
environments that have evolved to look different over time.
Adaptive radiation OR divergent evolution
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64. Adaptive radiation OR divergent evolution
WHICH PATTERN IS IT?
coevolution adaptive radiation divergent evolution
punctuated equilibrium mass extinction
The tortoises on the Galapagos islands share a common ancestor, but over time they have become
adapted for obtaining food in different habitats
on different islands by having different neck lengths
Adaptive radiation OR divergent evolution

65. Similarities that result from CONVERGENT evolution are considered to be ____________ structures.
analogous

66. Stabilizing selection
WHICH PATTERN of SELECTION IS IT?
stabilizing disruptive directional
Human babies born smaller than average are likely to be less healthy and less likely to survive. Larger than average babies are likely to have difficulty being born. The fitness of these larger or smaller weight babies is lower than average-sized babies so human babies tend to born of average size.
Stabilizing selection

67. Name the type of selection shown in the diagram below.
Disruptive selection
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68. disruptive selection WHICH PATTERN of SELECTION IS IT?
stabilizing disruptive directional
A population of birds lives in an area where plants with medium sized seeds are wiped out by a fungal infection. Birds with unusually large or small beaks would have higher fitness than those with medium sized beaks. Over time the population splits into two subgroups; one that eats small seeds and one that eats large seeds.
disruptive selection

69. Mules produced when a horse and donkey interbreed are sterile
Mules produced when a horse and donkey interbreed are sterile. This is an example of a _____ zygotic reproductive barrier called hybrid ____________
post
infertility

70. Mendel q All of the following influenced Darwin except
Lyell Mendel Hutton Malthus Lamarck
Which variable is used to represent the frequency of the recessive allele in a Hardy Weinberg problem?
Mendel q

71. Sperm of one sponge species cannot penetrate the egg of a closely related species.This is an example of a _____ zygotic reproductive barrier called _________ isolation
pre
gametic

72. Evolutionary change above the species level including the appearance of major evolutionary developments like flight
(EX: fish → amphibians) is called
______evolution
Which variable is used to represent the frequency of the dominant PHENOTYPE in a population in a Hardy Weinberg problem?
macro p2

73. Allopatric “other country”
Mode of speciation induced when an ancestral population becomes split by a geographic barrier
Which variable(s) is/are used to represent the frequency of the HETEROZYGOUS PHENOTYPE in a population in a Hardy Weinberg problem?
Allopatric “other country”
2pq

74. sympatric “same country”
Mode of speciation occurring as a result of a radical change in the genome of a subpopulation reproductively isolating it from the parent population (EX: polyploidy)
The geographic distribution patterns of species that support Darwin’s theory
sympatric “same country”
biogeography

75. Two cotton species produce fertile hybrids but the next generation is infertile. This is an example of a _____ zygotic reproductive barrier called hybrid __________
post
breakdown

76. Gene flow
__________ occurs when a population gains or loses alleles when individuals move in or out of a population
Kind of genetic drift in which a
sudden change in the environment (ex: earthquake, tidal wave, fire) drastically reduces the size of population
Bottleneck effect

77. Heterozygote advantage
The increased chance of survival of individuals that are heterozygous for the sickle cell allele helps to maintain this deleterious recessive allele in populations that live in areas infected by malaria. This is called
Heterozygote advantage
Kind of genetic drift in which a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and establish a new population whose gene pool is different from the parent population
Founder effect

78. Nearly all the embryos die when eggs of a bullfrog are fertilized artificially with sperm from a leopard frog. This is an example of a ____ zygotic reproductive barrier called hybrid __________
post
inviability l

79. EVOLUTION IS STILL HAPPENING
THE END. . .
or is it?
EVOLUTION IS STILL HAPPENING