1. Copyright @ 2005 International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers’ Associations Anthony Smoker IFATCA ASAS-TN2 Second Workshop Roma, 3rd-5th April 2006 INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS’ ASSOCIATIONS Controller's Perspective

2. Copyright @ 2005 International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers’ Associations Introduction Some laws about “Cognitive Work” in Human-Machine systems Controllers’ Perspectives - the view from Taiwan ASAS and the controller - a cornucopia of thoughts Conclusions INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS’ ASSOCIATIONS

3. Copyright @ 2005 International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers’ Associations Wood’s Laws of Adaptation - 1 “Every system is stretched to operate at its capacity. As soon as there is some improvement, some new technology, we exploit it to achieve new intensity and tempo of activity” Ahhhh - controller workload –reduced - per flight but increased overall? –What is the balance of TOTAL controller workload going to be? What will be the effect of ASAS?

4. Copyright @ 2005 International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers’ Associations Wood’s Laws of Adaptation - 2 “All systems are balancing distant plans with local adaptations to cope with the potential surprise” We are changing system dynamics and interactions Introducing tighter coupling and brittleness? Do we want “local” adaptations?

5. Copyright @ 2005 International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers’ Associations A Systemic View Iterations of future system development to be deployed, are dependent on increasing use of technology, and increasing the actors in the ATM system System attributes will change: –Tighter coupling –More complex interactions INTERACTIONS Coupling Linear Complex Loose Tight SOURCE: Perrow (1984) Normal Accidents How does this affect: –Our understanding of system safety? –Behaviours of human actors in the system and how to support them?

6. Copyright @ 2005 International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers’ Associations Wood’s Laws of Adaptation - 3 “Multiple, but potentially conflicting goals, apply to all systems” Are we creating, and embedding these, in ASAS operations? Are some of the philosophies being espoused currently inducing conflicting goals? Do we understand the compound effect of ASAS on operations?

7. Copyright @ 2005 International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers’ Associations Woods 1st Law(s) of “Co-operation” “It’s not co-operation if either you do it all, or I do it all” “Co-operative problem solving occurs when the agents co-ordinate activity in the process of problem solving” Can we afford to have hybrid solutions that create stressors on the system (stressing safety and capacity)? What is the system cost of co-ordination activity?

8. Copyright @ 2005 International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers’ Associations Woods 2nd Law(s) of “Co-operation “Co-operating agents have access to partial, overlapping information and knowledge relevant to the problem at hand” –What does ASAS provide? - because this raises concerns for controllers “you can’t co-operate with another agent if you assume they are incompetent or…

9. Copyright @ 2005 International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers’ Associations Mr Weasley’s Rule “Never trust anything that can think for itself if you can’t see where it keeps its brain” Harry Potter and The Chamber of Secrets (pg 329)

10. Copyright @ 2005 International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers’ Associations

11. The View from Taiwan IFATCA Conference last week debated ASAS and ADS-B applications Controllers find the term ASAS misleading The transposition of “ADS-B” and ASAS is confusing IFATCA views: –ADS-B as surveillance –Surveillance = ground based or airborne applications

12. Copyright @ 2005 International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers’ Associations The View from Taiwan Airborne surveillance applications grouped into three classes –Information –Instructions (Clearances) –Separation (Flight deck based) All three can have an affect and influence upon clearances and instructions, and as a consequence separation All three can have an impact on separation anyway

13. Copyright @ 2005 International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers’ Associations The View from Taiwan Surveillance Applications GroundAir InformationSeparation Instructions

14. Copyright @ 2005 International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers’ Associations The View from Taiwan Surveillance - Airborne - Information This will increase the situational awareness for the flight crew. It will affect ATC in two main ways Firstly, information provided to pilots today will not have to be passed at all, or when passed may need to be passed in a different manner Secondly, controller and pilot behaviour will change because of this increased “situational awareness”

15. Copyright @ 2005 International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers’ Associations The View from Taiwan Surveillance – Airborne - Instruction This is the use of surveillance information by the flight crew in order to comply with an ATC instruction Compare this with an instruction to fly a particular (radar) heading. The pilot uses information on-board the aircraft in order to comply with the instruction Importantly, instructions do not change the airways clearance (except to the extent required to comply with the instruction) and separation still remains the responsibility of the controller.

16. Copyright @ 2005 International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers’ Associations The View from Taiwan Surveillance – Airborne – Separation This is the use of surveillance information by the flight crew to separate themselves from one or more aircraft (or hazards) This may be delegation of separation from the controller or a situation where the flight crew is already responsible for separation

17. Copyright @ 2005 International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers’ Associations The View from Taiwan - Headlines from the debate What do we, as controllers want the future profession to look like? How are pilots reacting to this, and what do they want? How can ASAS be useful in approach control? Need to develop conditions when to use ASAS - when it is useful to controllers

18. Copyright @ 2005 International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers’ Associations In Conclusion The IFATCA view is that ASAS is a variant of Airborne Surveillance The provision of “Information” to the flight deck will have an affect upon the control process for controllers and pilots In some respects, ASAS is just a different way from doing what we do today In other respects it is not as above, and this is a major shift in operations

19. Copyright @ 2005 International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers’ Associations In Conclusion Responsibility for separation must be unambiguous There is confusion as to what is “Separation” and what is “spacing” Do not Underestimate the amount of training that will be required - and do not forget recurrent training Thank you for listening