1. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.1 Chapter Seventeen The Making of Modern Quebec

2. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.2 The battle for Quebec’s soul. During the 1995 Quebec referendum debate Charles Jefferson of Ottawa raised a Canadian flag over a street sign in Montreal. The street, once named Dorchester, a British governor after the conquest, was renamed Boulevard René- Lévesque, for the late Quebec premier, one of the founders of he mainstream separatist movement in Quebec. Robert Galbraith, Canadian Press (the shot appeared in the Globe and Mail, October 28, 1995

3. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.3 Premier Maurice Duplessis, third from left at the front, at the dedication of Ste-Thérèse Bridge, August 18, 1946. To the right the Most Rev. Joseph Charbonneau. Church and state co-operated for the mutual benefit of each. National Archives of Canada/The Gazette/ C-53641.

4. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.4 Executives from Shawinigan Water and Power taking French lessons after the Liberals nationalized the private hydro-electric companies in Quebec. Fonds Commission hydroélectrique de Québec 1944-1963 (H2). H21701644. Resources humaines, formation: cours de français délivré aux employés de la Companie d’électricité de Shawinigan, 1964. Image no. 32188-2.

5. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.5 “Vive la France! Vive le Québec! Vive le Québec libre!” The crowd roared with approval when French President Charles de Gaulle made his famous remark at Montreal’s City Hall, July 24, 1967, in support of an independent Quebec. CP Picture Archive.

6. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.6 René Lévesque at the Paul Sauvé Arena, Montreal, on the night of the Quebec election, October 29, 1973. His recently created Parti Québécois won 33 percent of the popular vote in that election, but only six seats. By 1976, the party would be in power. Duncan Cameron/National Archives of Canada/PA-115039.

7. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.7 The Quebec referendum ballot, May 20, 1980. The Parti Québécois asked only for the right to negotiate political sovereignty within an economic association with the rest of Canada, not for immediate independence. Le Directeur Général des Élections du Québec.

8. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.8 About 200 000 people marched in Montreal’s St. Jean Baptiste Day parade, June 24, 1994. The lead banner proclaims, “Next year — My country.” CP Picture Archive (Ryan Remiorz).

9. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.9 1995 Quebec Referendum question. Chief Electoral Officer of Québec.

10. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.10 Lucien Bouchard (left) and Jacques Parizeau (right) in Quebec City on October 2, 1995, shortly before the referendum. Premier Parizeau resigned after the referendum; Lucien Bouchard replaced him. Canadian Press/Jacques Boissinot.

11. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.11 Canada’s francophone population, 1996. Note the French-speaking community’s strong maj- ority position in Quebec, but minority status (less than 5 percent of the total population) in all other provinces and territories, with the exception of New Brunswick. Source: Statistics Canada, 2001 Census, Highlight Tables, Mother Tongue: Canada, Provinces, Territories.

12. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.12 Celine Dion CP PHOTO/AP Photo/Express-News, Kevin Geil