1. Sex Linked and Codominant Genes.

2. Hitchhiker’s Thumb
Tongue Roll
Tongue Flip
Tongue Fold
Attached Earlobe
Unattached Earlobe
Ear Wax
Ear Diagram

3. Bent Pinky
Dimples
PTC Tasting
Widow’s Peak
Hand Fold
Mid-digital hair
Bent Little
Finger
Short Hallux
Finger Length

4. consanguineous marriage Female carrier of an x-linked trait
proband
consanguineous marriage
Female carrier of an x-linked trait
marriage
Extra-marital
mating
identical
(monozygotic)
twins
Dizygotic twins
male
diseased
Affected
individuals
progeny
carrier
Stillborn
or abortion ?
Unknown
phenotype

5. PEDIGREE

6. GENERATIONS
Generations are numbered w/Roman numerals. Within each generation, individuals are numbered from oldest to youngest.

7. SEX-LINKED RECESSIVE TRAITS
More affected males than females.
Affected grand-father to grand-son thru carrier female.
SEX-LINKED
RECESSIVE TRAITS
Females do not manifest the disorder.

8. Examples of sex-linked recessive traits:
COLOR BLINDNESS

9. Examples of sex-linked recessive traits:
COLOR BLINDNESS

10. How it works… Female XX and Male XY.
Traits can be carried on either the X or Y chromosomes. ( Mostly on the X).
Dominant and recessive laws still apply.

11. Problems… Baldness: Mother XBXb x Father XBY
Color Blindness : Mother XbXb x Father XBY
Hemophilia: Mother XBXB x Father XbY X

12. Sex Linked Traits – Punnett Squares

13. DOMINANT Allele DISEASES
Huntington’s Disease
Woody Guthrie
Arlo Guthrie
Children
Lobster Foot
Dominant allele -- you have the disease or you don’t

14. Examples of Simple Dominant Disorders
Dwarfism
Polydactyly and Syndactyly
Hypertension
Hereditary Edema
Chronic Simple Glaucoma – Drainage system for fluid in the eye does not work and pressure builds up, leading to damage of the optic nerve which can result in blindness.
Huntington’s Disease – Nervous system degeneration resulting in certain and early death. Onset in middle age.
Neurofibromatosis – Benign tumors in skin or deeper
Familial Hypercholesterolemia – High blood cholesterol and propensity for heart disease
Progeria – Drastic premature aging, rare, die by age 13. Symptoms include limited growth, alopecia, small face and jaw, wrinkled skin, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular problems but mental development not affected.

15. RECESSIVE Allele DISEASE
Albinism
Achondroplasia
Both parents can be carriers to have an affected child
2 affected parents will usually produce an affected child
Dominant doesn’t necessarily mean commonplace

16. Examples of Simple Recessive Disorders
Congenital Deafness
Diabetes Mellitus
Sickle Cell anemia
Albinism
Phenylketoneuria (PKU) – Inability to break down the amino acid phenylalanine. Requires elimination of this amino acid from the diet or results in serious mental retardation.
Galactosemia – enlarged liver, kidney failure, brain and eye damage because can’t digest milk sugar
Cystic Fibrosis – affects mucus and sweat glands, thick mucus in lungs and digestive tract that interferes with gas exchange, lethal.
Tay Sachs Disease – Nervous system destruction due to lack of enzyme needed to break down lipids necessary for normal brain function. Early onset and common in Ashkenazi Jews; results in blindness, seizures, paralysis, and early death.

18. Polygenic Inheritance in Humans
includes skin, eye, and hair color
light-skinned X dark-skinned
F1: offspring have intermediate skin colors
F2: skin color range from light to dark skin color of the grandparents
Children have intermediate skin color.

19. Polygenic Traits… Eye color is determined by more than one gene
Thus eye color appears to vary on an almost continuous scale from brown to green to gray to blue
Eye color is determined by two genes, one controls texture of the iris which refracts light to make blue. A second determines relative abundance of melanin. When a small amount of melanin is present, green eyes result while brown and black eyes result from relatively increasing amounts of melanin

20. Polygenic Traits… Hair color is determined by more than one gene
Thus hair color appears to vary on an almost continuous scale from black to brown to blond to red
The brown and black pigment is melanin
The red pigment is an iron containing molecule

21. CHROMOSOME 1 Cataracts Glaucoma Hereditary deafness
Retinitis pigmentosa
Schizophrenia
Migrane Headahes
Prostate cancer
Acute Leukemia
Brain cancer
Muscular dystrophy
Colon cancer
Alzheimer’s disease
Fish odor syndrome

22. CHROMOSOME 2 Colon cancer Obesity Liver cancer Diabetes mellitus
Cleft palate
Cataracts
Epilepsy
Parkinson’s disease
Muscular dystrophy
Pseudohermaphroditism
Ovarian cancer
Micropenis

23. CHROMOSOME 4 Huntington’s disease Night blindness Phenylketonuria
Parkinson’s disease
Alcoholism
Red hair
Mast cell leukemia
Achondroplasia
Dopamine receptor
Retinitis pigmentosa
Hip dysplasia

24. Blood Type 4 Types A,B,ABand O A AA B AB O AO BB BO OO Parent 1 Allele
Genotype
Phenotype A AA B AB O AO BB BO OO

25. I Am My Own Grandpa 
Many, many years ago when I was twenty-three  I was married to a widow who was pretty as could be.  This widow had a grown-up daughter who had hair of red.  My father fell in love with her and soon the two were wed.
This made my dad my son-in-law and changed my very life  For my daughter was my mother, 'cause she was my father's wife.  To complicate the matter even though it brought me joy  I soon became the father of a bouncing baby boy.
My little baby then became a brother-in-law to dad  And so he became my uncle though it made me very sad  For if he is my uncle then that also makes him brother,  To the widow's lovely daughter who, of course, was my step-mother.
Father's wife then had a child which kept them on the run,  And he became my grandchild, 'cause he was my daughter's son;  My wife she is my mother's mother and it makes me blue,  Because although she is my wife, she's my grandmother too.
Now if she is my grandmother than I'm her grandchild  And every time I think of it, it nearly drives me wild;  For now I have become the strangest case you ever saw  As husband of my grandmother I am my own grandpa.
Chorus:  Oh, I'm my own grandpa, I'm my own grandpa  It sounds funny, I know, but it really is so  Oh, I'm my own grandpa. 
Below is a link to the song that can be played in class: