1. Freedom and Partition in India
Chapter 9

2. Amritsar Massacre 1919
The turning point in India’s struggle for freedom
Violence increased in India
It began the call for many Indian to call for complete separation from Britain

3. Amritsar Massacre Causes Ridiculous Rules forced against the Indians
All Indians must crawl on their hands and knees on a city street
Indiscriminate whippings

6. “The Indians were ‘packed together so that one bullet would drive through three or four bodies’; the people ‘ran madly this way and the other. When fire was directed upon the centre, they ran to the sides. The fire was then directed to the sides. Many threw themselves onto the ground, and fire was then directed on the ground. This continued for eight or ten minutes, and it stopped only when the ammunition had reached the point of exhaustion…” Winston Churchill

7. Amritsar Massacre
British Brig. Gen. who led the massacre was honored at home for crushing the Indians
Rattan Devi stated, ''I saw three men writhing in great pain and a boy of about 12. I could not leave the place. The boy asked me for water but there was no water in that place. At 2 am, a Jat who was lying entangled on the wall asked me to raise his leg. I went up to him and took hold of his clothes drenched in blood and raised him up. Heaps of bodies lay there, a number of them innocent children. I shall never forget the sight. I spent the night crying and watching..."

8. Results of Amritsar Massacre
379 Indians dead
>1,100 Indians injured
British General Dyer, honored at home
All Indians united against British
Nationalist movement took off

9. Gandhi Born: Oct. 2, 1869 Died: Jan. 30, 1948 Assassinated

10. Mohandas Gandhi Born into a middle class family
Leader of India’s freedom movement (INC)
Lawyer – trained in Britain, practiced in South Africa
Helped unite the various groups within India to fight for a common cause

13. First Action for Indian Civil Rights
In South Africa, fighting for Indian rights
Civil Disobedience – The active refusal to obey certain laws or the demands of an oppressive government
Non-violence – ex. Rosa Parks, MLK Jr.

16. Gandhi’s Principles
His beliefs were a blend of Hindu and Christian beliefs
Non-violent resistance to end injustice
Satyagraha = truth force – convert the wrongdoer
Inspiration
Hindu – nonviolence, respect for all life
Christianity – love one’s enemies

17. Gandhi’s Principles
He wanted the world to see the injustice in India without using violence
Gandhi wanted the British to see the err in their wrong doings
The same principles were used with apartheid in South Africa

20. Gandhi’s Principles Poster
Create a quote for one of Gandhi’s principles
Explain how your quote fits in with Gandhi’s beliefs
Truth
Non-violence
Vegetarianism
Bramacharya - celebacy
Simplicity
Faith

21. Appealing to all Indians – Returned to India 1915
Gandhi won the support of all groups by stressing India’s heritage
Examples
Gave up Western ways
Spun his own cotton, wore simple white clothing
Vegetarianism
Wanted to reform caste system (untouchables)
Included Muslims

22. Non Violent Protests
Gandhi supported nonviolent acts of civil disobedience
Boycotted British made goods
Supported workers strikes
The Salt March
Indians were not allowed to make their own salt
They had to purchase heavily taxed, British salt

23. The Salt March
Gandhi led Indians on a march over 200 miles to the coast
They made their own once they reached the ocean
Gandhi and 50,000 protesters were arrested
Britain responded with violence to the satyagraha protests

27. WWII – Quit India
Gandhi leads non-support efforts in India during World War II
India would support Britain if they were granted immediate independence, Britain refused
More protests, Gandhi arrested again
India gains independence August 15, 1947

28. Gandhi & Hindu/Muslim Conflict
Deep differences led to conflict
Muslims feared the Hindu Nationalists would not grant them rights
Gandhi hoped the two could live peacefully together, with independence

29. Two Nations; disappointed Gandhi
The subcontinent was divided (partitioned) into:
Muslim, Pakistan & Bangladesh
Hindu, India
500,000 died in the fighting between the two nations
Gandhi refused to celebrate Indian independence b/c of the violence

30. India After Gandhi

31. India after Gandhi
Gandhi assassinated about 1 year after India’s independence
Sub-continent divided into different nations
India creates a federal government with 25 states and 7 territories

34. India’s Government
The largest democracy in the world; 1.1 billion people
Parliamentary System – similar to GB
President: little power
Prime Minister: real power; leader of political party
Two houses in parliament
Multi-party state – over 12 political parties

35. Indian Flag

36. Politics in India 18 years old to vote
Political parties use symbols because many of the population cannot read or write; 61% total, 73% men, 48% women
Political Identities – Independence, Hindu traditions, etc

37. Civil Rights & Dividing Forces
Progress and the Caste System
Helping the lower castes
Illegal untouchability
Upper caste discontent
Cultural Diversity and one Government
Naga people revolted against new gov’t
Sikh Separatists
Hindu-Muslim Conflict

38. Unifying Forces Strong Leaders Commitment to Democratic Traditions
Nehru Gandhi, Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi (all related, not Mohandas Gandhi’s family)
Commitment to Democratic Traditions
Commitment to Hinduism
Modernization

39. Untouchability Read page 207 Answer 2 questions
How could you try to change peoples opinions of untouchables?

40. India’s Economy Questions to Answer
What economic goals did Nehru set for India?
What progress has India’s industry made?
How has India tried to increase farm output?

41. India’s Economic Development

42. Goals Economic Independence No reliance on other nations
Stop importing goods
Ex. machines & finished goods
Become self sufficient
Limit foreign investment

43. Creating Industry Reduce foreign influence by building factories
Produce their own materials
Steel, plastic
Produce finished goods
Tractors, Trucks
Encourage investment by Indians

44. India’s Textile Industry
Video Clip
Effects of Industry
Economic Concerns
Test Questions
What changes to life have occurred as a result of the growth of industry
List concerns the government has about industrialization

45. Homework
Page 209
# 4,5
Page 213
# 3-5

46. Agriculture & Patterns of Life India

47. Improving Agriculture
Increase irrigation
Beat the dry season
dams, canals
Land reform
Redistribute land to peasants
Fighting against political forces
Increase technology
Super seeds – wheat, rice
Fertilizer & irrigation

48. Patterns of Life – Independent India
Village life
little change, electricity, clothing, economies
Looking towards the future with technology & healthcare
The Caste System
Laws have had limited success breaking traditions
Education & employment influenced by the past
Urbanization has weakened the caste system

49. Patterns of Life – Independent India
Education
1947 – 10% literacy; 2001 – 61% literacy
½ attend schools, more boys than girls
Government focus to improve quality of life
Family life
95% arrange marriages, even today
Urbanization has changed family structure
Women have gained rights
In villages women play traditional roles

50. Patterns of Life Women’s lives
Rural – similarities to traditional Indian Life, take care of family, raise children
Urban – more chance for education and opportunities

51. Urban Life
Combination of modern and high tech and slums

52. Slums of Mumbai

53. Modern Mumbai

54. Pakistan & Bangladesh

55. Pakistan 1947 – East & West Pakistan after Britain gave up control
M. East
Drought
East
S. E. Asia
Floods

56. Pakistan Civil War Both populations have Islam as common religion
West dominated gov’t & economy
1971 East Pakistan becomes the nation of Bangladesh

57. Economy in Pakistan Attention to increasing agriculture
Reduce dependence on foreign governments
Build industry
Steel
Chemical
Auto
Textiles

58. Homework
Page 220
2-5