1. physical sc. ch. 21 Voc#3: Transformers & Batteries 39. transformer
40. primary coil
41. secondary coil
42. step-up transformer
43. step-down transformer
44. Thomas Edison
45. Nikola Telsa
46. advantage of AC for
power transmission
47. George Westinghouse
48. battery
49. Luigi Galvani
50. Alessandro Volta
51. electrochemical cell
52. electrolyte
53. electrodes
54. battery terminal
55. wet cell
56. dry cell
57. rechargeable battery
58. Ni-Cad batteries
59. NI-MH batteries
60 lithium-ion batteries
Voc#1: Motors and Generators
1. interaction of current-carrying
wire and a magnetic field
2. galvanometer
3. how a galvanometer works
4. electric motor
5. function of an electric motor
6. commutator
7. brushes (electric motor)
8. armature
9. electromagnetic induction
10. 2 ways to induce current
11. alternating current
12. direct current
13. electric generator
14. AC generator
15. slip rings
16. DC generator
17. turbine
Voc#2: Electrical Energy & Power
18. coal
19. oil
20. gas
21. nuclear
22. geothermal energy
23. solar energy
24. hydroelectric
25. wind energy
26. tidal energy
27. renewable resource
28 name 5 renewable resources
29 nonrenewable resource
30 3 nonrenewable resources
31. electric power
32. unit of electric power
33. power rating
34. equation for electric power
35. equation for watts
36. electric energy
37. equation for electric energy
38. usual unit for electric energy

2. physical sc. ch. 21 CONVERTING ELECTRICAL ENERGY TO MECHANICAL ENERGY
CURRENT-CARING WIRE IN MAGNETIC FIELD CONVERTS
ELECTRICAL ENERGY TO MECHANICAL ENERGY
GALVANOMETER: MEASURES TINY MAGNETIC FIELDS
WIRE LOOPS ATTACHED TO NEEDLE HELD BETWEEN MAGNETIC FIELDS
STRONGER CURRENTS CAUSE LARGER MOVEMENTS OF THE NEEDLE
ELECTRIC MOTORS: USES ELECTRICITY TO TURN AN AXLE
MADE OF WIRE LOOPS BETWEEN MAGNETS, COMMUTATOR, BRUSHES
COMMUTATOR REVERSES DC CURRENT DIRECTION & MAGNETIC FIELD
BRUSHES: APPLY ELECTRICITY TO COMMUTATOR OF MOTOR
ARMATURE: HUNDREDS OF WIRE LOOPS ON AN IRON CORE 1

3. GENERATORS: CHANGE MECHANICAL ENERGY TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
CURRENT MADE WHEN A CONDUCTOR MOVES ACROSS MAGNETIC FIELD
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION: PROCESS OF GENERATING ELECTRIC
CURRENT FROM THE MOTION OF A CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC): CURRENT IN WIRE REVERSES DIRECTION
DIRECT CURRENT (DC): CURRENT FLOWS ONLY IN ONE DIRECTION
SLIP RINGS CONTINUALLY REVERSE CURRENT DIRECTION
DC GENERATORS: USES COMMUTATOR, RESEMBLES A MOTOR
TURBINES: A CIRCULAR, BLADED DEVICE ROTATED BY A MOVING FLUID
MAY USE WATER, WIND, STEAM, OCEAN CURRENTS
TURBINES OFTEN USED TO TURN GENERATORS, MAKE ELECTRICITY 2

4. COMMON SOURCES OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY
COAL: PLENTIFUL RELATIVELY INEXPENSIVE, NON-RENEWABLE FOSSIL FUEL,
BURNED TO MAKE STEAM, STEAM TURNS ELECTRIC TURBINE
CAUSES GREENHOUSE GASE CARBON DIOXIDE, AIR POLLUTION
OIL: LESS ABUNDANT NON-RENEWABLE FOSSIL FUEL, BURNED TO MAKE STEAM
STEAM TURNS ELECTRIC TURBINE, CAUSES GREENHOUSE GASES
USED FOR GAS, DESIEL, BECOMING INCREASINGLY EXPRENSIVE
NATURAL GAS: LESS ABUNDANT NON-RENEWABLE FOSSIL FUEL
BURNED TO MAKE STEAM, STEAM TURNS ELECTRIC TURBINES
INCREASINGLY EXPENSIBVE, CAUSES GREENHOUSE GASE CARBON DIOXIDE 3

5. COMMON ENERGY SOURCES continued
NUCLEAR : NON-RENEWABLE ,NUCLEAR REACTION’S HEAT PRODUCES STEAM
STEAM TURBINE PRODUCES ELECTRICITY
NO GREENHOUSE GASES, BUT NUCLEAR WASTE IS A SERIOUS PROBLEM
HYDROELECTRIC: CLEAN, LOW COST, NONPOLLUTING , NO GREENHOUSE GASES
WATER TURNS TURBINES DIRECTLY
RENEWABLE, BUT LIMITED TO SPECIFIC BODIES OF WATER
TIDES: CLEAN BUT UNCOMMON ,TURNS TURBINES DIRECTLY
NO GREENHOUSE GASES PRODUCED
RENEWABLE, BUT CAN ONLY BE BUILD IN VERY LIMITED SHORE AREAS 4

6. COMMON ENERGY SOURCES continued
WIND: RENEWABLE, CLEAN, LOW COST, NON-POLLUTING
WIND TURNS ELECTRIC TURBINE DIRECTLY
LIMITED TO AREAS OF HIGH, CONSISTENT WINDS
SOLAR: CLEAN, UNLIMITED, RENEWABLE
PHOTO-ELECTRIC REACTION PRODUCES ELECTRICITY
EXPENSIVE TO PRODUCE, TECHNOLOGY STILL BEING DEVELOPED
CONFINED TO AREAS OF STRONG, CONSISTENT SUNLIGHT
GEOTHERMAL: MODERATE COSTS, NON-POLLUTING
HEAT CHANNELED FROM VOLCANIC AREAS TO TURN STEAM TURBINES
CONFINED TO VERY LIMITED SITES 5

7. RENEWABLE RESOURCES: NOT FIXED, REPLACEABLE RESOURCES
NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES: FIXED, DIMINISHING RESOURCES
ELECTRIC POWER: RATE THAT ELECTRIC ENERGY CHANGES TO ANOTHER FORM
EQUATION: POWER = VOLTAGE x CURRENT (P = V x I)
UNIT: WATTS(W), WATTS = VOLTS TIMES AMPS
ELECTRIC ENERGY: THE AMOUNT OF POWER USED TIMES TIME
ENERGY EQUATION : E = P x T (KILOWATT-HOURS = KILOWATTS x HOURS)
UNIT USED BY THE ELECTRIC COMPANY TO MEASURE ELECTRICITY USED 6

8. TRANSFORMERS: DEVICE WHICH INCREASES OR DECREASES VOLTAGE.
GENERAL STRUCTURE: PRIMARY AND SECONDARY COILS
PRIMARY COIL: CONNECTED TO INCOMING CURRENT
SECONDARY COIL: CONNECTED TO OUTGOING CURRENT
SOFT IRON CORE: TRANSFERS CURRENT TO SECONDARY BY INDUCTION
STEP-UP TRANSFORMER: INCREASES VOLTAGE, MORE COILS IN SECONDARY
STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER: LOWERS VOLTAGE, HAS FEWER COILS IN
SECONDARY COIL 7

9. PIONEERS IN ELECTRICAL POWER SUPPLY
EDISON ELECTRIC LIGHT COMPANY: 1ST TO SUPPLY ELECTRICITY
SUPPLIED 120v DC, MUCH LOST DUE TO POWER LINE RESISTANCE
EDISON’S GENERATING PLANTS HAD TO BE SMALL, CLOSE TOGETHER
EDISON LATER HAD TO CHANGE TO AC: TODAY HIS COMPANY IS G.E.
NIKOLA TELSA: USED AC CURRENT, HIGH VOLTAGE AND TRANSFORMERS
MUCH MORE EFFICIENT IN CONDUCTING ELECTRICITY
MADE 1ST HYDRO-ELECTRIC PLANT AT NIAGARA FALLS 8

10. ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS: CHANGE CHEMICAL ENERGY TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
VOLTAIC CELL: HAS 2 ELECTRODES AND AN ELECTROLYTE
ELECTRODE: A METAL STRIP WHICH COLLECTS OR GIVES AWAY ELECTRONS
SILVER, COPPER COLLECT ELECTRONS; ZINC & ALUMINUM RELEASE THEM
TERMINALS: THE CONNECTION POINT TO THE ELECTRODES
ELECTROLYTE: A CHEMICAL WHICH PULLS ELECTRONS FROM ONE
ELECTRODE AND MOVES THEM TO THE OTHER
FIRST DEVELOPED BY ALESSANDRO VOLTA IN EARLY 1800’S 9

11. IMPORTANT PEOPLE IN ITS DEVELOPMENT
LUIGI GALVANI EXPERIMENTED ANIMAL TISSUE (late 1700’S)
APPLIED ELECTRIC CURRENT TO FROGS’ LEGS
DISEMBODIED FROGS’ LEGS MOVED IN RESPONSE
INSPIRED THE FRANKENSTEIN BY MARY SHELLY
ALESSANDRO VOLTA MADE FIRST WET CELL
BASED ON GALVANI’S WORK WITH ELECTRICITY
WET CELL BASED ON REACTIONS BETWEEN FLUIDS, METALS 10

12. BATTERY: A COMBINATION OF TWO OR MORE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS
WET CELL: USE LIQUID ELECTROLYTES (SULFURIC OR HYDROCHLORIC ACID)
ELECTRONS FLOW FROM NEGATIVE ELECTRODE TO POSITIVE
CHEMICAL REACTIONS WITH ELECTROLYTE CAUSES ELECTRONS TO MOVE
DRY CELL: USES A PASTE-LIKE ELECTROLYTE
DEAD CELL: REACTANTS HAVE ALL BEEN CHANGED, STOP REACTING
REACTANTS: ACTIVE PART OF ELECTROLYTE, TRANSFERS ELECTRONS
RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES: CAN REGAIN ENERGY BY APPLYING ENERGY
ENERGY APPLIED IN REVERSE DIRECTION
ENERGY RE-ENERGIZES REACTANTS
EXAMPLES INCLUDE NICKLE-HYDROXIDE, NICKLE-CADIUM, LITHIUM 11

13.
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photos cited...