1. The Anatomy of the Nervous System
Why study Neuroanatomy?

2. Major divisions of the nervous system

3. Major divisions of the nervous system
Brain
Central
nervous
system
Spinal
cord
Afferent
nerves
Sensory  CNS
info
Nervous
System
Somatic
nervous
system
CNS  Skeletal
muscles
Efferent
nerves
Peripheral
nervous
system
Afferent
nerves
Autonomic
nervous
system
Parasympathetic
nervous system
Efferent
nerves
Sympathetic
nervous system

4. Terminology CNS PNS Schwann Cells Clusters of cell bodies Nuclei
Myelin-providing glia
Oligodendrocytes
Schwann Cells
Clusters of cell bodies
Nuclei
(singular nucleus)
Ganglia
(singular ganglion)
Bundles of axons
Tracts
Nerves

5. Cross section through the spinal cord
Ventral
horn

6. Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Divisions

7. Cranial Nerves Olfactory (smell) Optic (vision)
Oculomotor (eye movement)
Trochlear (eye movement)
Trigeminal (facial sensation and chewing)
Abducens (eye movement)
Facial (taste and facial expression)
Auditory (hearing and balance)
Glossopharyngeal (taste, salivation swallowing)
Vagus (abdominal organs, throat muscles)
Spinal accessory (neck, shoulders, head)
Hypoglossal (tongue)

8. The body-brain connection
The body-brain connection
Radio Lab 2006
Where Am I?
Mind and body are in constant communication (neuroscientists call this the brain-body loop), but the loop can get out-of-sync-- even broken. This hour: stories of people whose brains and bodies have lost each other. We begin with a century-old mystery: why do many amputees still feel their missing limbs? We speak with a neuroscientist who solved the problem with a magician's trick: an optical illusion. We continue with the story of a butcher who suddenly lost his entire sense of touch, and how, after many years, he managed to grow a new sense. And we hear from pilots who lose consciousness and suffer out-of-body experiences while flying fighter jets.

9. The Anatomy of the Nervous System
Neuroanatomy cont.

10. Anatomical Directions
Rostral
Caudal
Sagittal plane
(midsagittal
section)
Horizontal plane
Frontal plane
Cross section
(coronal section)

13. The Five Major divisions of the Brain

15. Five Major divisions of the Brain]
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
Forebrain ]
Midbrain
Brainstem ]
Hindbrain

16. The Five Major divisions of the Brain

17. The Hindbrain Myelencephalon (medulla) Metencephalon Tracts
Small nuclei
Reticular formation (RT)
Metencephalon
Cerebellum (little brain)
Pons (bridge)
Neural tracts

18. Mesencephalon - The Midbrain
Tectum
Superior collicui (visual relay) #2
Inferior collicui (auditory relay) #3

19. Mesencephalon - The Midbrain

20. Mesencephalon - The Midbrain
Tegmentum
RF & tracts of passage
Periaqueductal gray
Substantia nigra
Red nucleus

21. Mesencephalon - The Midbrain
Periaqueductal gray - mediates the analgesic effects of opiate drugs.
Substantia nigra (black substance) – neurons project to striatum; degenerate in PD.
Red nucleus – motor pathways from cortex and cerebellum.

22. Diencephalon
Thalamus – large two-lobed structure; is the top of the brain stem. Contains many different nuclei, most of which project to the cortex
Sensory relay nuclei
Massa intermedia
White lamina

23. Diencephalon
Hypothalamus – Below the anterior thalamus. Regulates several motivated behaviors.
Pituitary gland
Optic chiasm
Mammillary bodies
Other nuclei
LH (lateral H.)
VMH (ventromedial H.) LH
VMH

24. Hypothalamus (with other structures)

25. Telencephalon Cerebral cortex Major fissures Major gyri Four lobes
Limbic system
Basal ganglia
Cerebral commissures

26. Telencephalon Cerebral cortex Major fissures Lateral fissure
Central fissure
Longitudinal fissure

27. Telencephalon
Cerebral cortex
Rat brain
(Lissencephalic)

28. Telencephalon
Cerebral cortex of human, chimpanzee and rat

29. Telencephalon Cerebral cortex Major fissures Major gyri Four lobe
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

30. Telencephalon
90% of the cortex in Humans is neocortex, which has 6 distinct cell layers. As the name implies, Neo-cortex is a more recent development of brain evolution.

31. Telencephalon
Hippocampus – it is cortex, but not neo-cortex (it only has 3 layers). It is sometimes called Archicortex.
Can you see the Sea Horse?

32. Telencephalon – Subcortical parts
Limbic System
Basal Ganglia

33. Telencephalon – Limbic system
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Fornix
Septum
Cingulate cortex
Mammilary bodies

35. Telencephalon – Basal Ganglia
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Amygdala
Substantia nigra
Subthalamic n.
thalamus
cortex

36. Telencephalon – Basal Ganglia
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Amygdala
Substantia nigra
Subthalamic n.
thalamus
cortex

37. Telencephalon – Basal Ganglia
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Amygdala
Substantia nigra
Subthalamic n.
thalamus
cortex

38. Name the brain region Mid-saggital Cingulate Corpus callosum Pons
Temporal
Cerebellum
Parietal
Occipital
Frontal
Thalamus
Tegmentum
Tectum
Hypothalamus
Mammillary
bodies
1. Type of section? 7. 2. 3. 9. 8.
10.
12.
13.
14.
11. 6. 5. 4.

39. Memorize the chart on page 72

40. Meninges Dura mater (tough mother) outer membrane.
Arachnoid membrane (web-like) a thin membrane.
Subarachnoid space – contains large blood vessels and CSF.
Pia mater (pious or gentle mother) adheres to the surface of the CNS.

41. Ventricles & CSF
Cerebral Ventricles Four large internal chambers of the brian.
Lateral ventricles, 3rd ventricle, & 4th ventricle.
Central canal – a small canal that runs the length of the spinal cord.
Choroid plexuses are a network of capillaries that protrude into the ventricles and produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

42. Ventricles & CSF

43. Ventricles and Choroid Plexus

45. Lateral ventricles
Third ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
Fourth Ventricle
Arachnoid villi
Choroid plexus
Subarachnoid space

46. Protecting the Brain Physical protection Chemical protection
Skull & Vertebrae
Meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Chemical protection
Blood-brain barrier (BBB)

47. Blood-brain barrier
Results from the special structure of cerebral blood vessels.
Cells in the walls of cerebral blood vessels are tightly packed.
This provides a barrier for the passage of some large-molecules and proteins into the brain.
Not all large molecules are impeded (e.g., glucose).
Sex hormones readily pass through to certain brain areas where the BBB is weak.

48. Two basic cells of the nervous system
Neurons – cells specialized for the reception, conduction and transmission of electrochemical signals.
Glial cells – classic view - support cells that
a) provide nutrients
b) clear waste
c) provide a physical matrix (glia means “glue”)
But recent evidence suggests that they do even more…

49. Two basic cells of the nervous system
Glial cells also –
Participate in neurotransmission by sending signals to neurons and receiving signals from them.
Control the establishment and maintenance of synapses
Form circuits and may contribute to synaptic plasticity.

50. External Anatomy of the Neuron
Cell body (soma)
Cell membrane
Dendrites
Axon
Axon hillock
Myelin
Nodes of Ranvier
Terminal boutons
Synapses

51. External Anatomy of the Neuron

52. Structural classes of Neurons
Multipolar
Unipolar
Bipolar
Interneurons

53. Structural Classes of Neurons

54. Types of Glial Cells Oligodendrocytes – myelinate axons of the CNS.
Schwann Cells – myelinate axons of the PNS.
Astrocytes – large star-shaped glia
Microglia – respond to injury

55. Suggested Websites for Chapter 3:
Autonomic Nervous System:
The National Dysautonomia Research Foundation site; good overview of function and disorders like Shy-Drager Syndrome, Guillain Barre Syndrome, and more well-known disorders like diabetes and Parkinson's Disease.
Neurons and Glia:
From Dr. Eric Chudler at the University of Washington; scroll down to "Neurons" to find information about neurons, glia, and a photo gallery of cells.
Neuroanatomy Quiz:
A quick quiz on the anatomy of the neuron; part of Dr John Krantz's study aids and tutorials for biopsychology.
The Ventricles:
From the Brain & Mind site; more information about ventricles, cerebrospinal fluid, and hydrocephalus.
Interactive Brain Atlas:
From the Digital Anatomist project at the University of Washington, select the “BRAIN” icon for a fabulous collection of images in many different planes of section, digital recreations of different functional systems in the brain, and a good section on cerebrovasculature.
Brain Anatomy:
From McGill University, a wonderful introduction to neuroanatomy, with different levels of complexity (beginner to advanced) and levels of organization (from social aspects to molecular aspects of neuroanatomy).
Word Roots:
A good source for the Greek and Latin roots of many neuroanatomical terms.

56. NPR website: http://www.npr.org/
Search for “brain”
Other Links Gray Matters, the brain radio program and its archives
Irvine Health Foundation Lecture series
Infinite Mind
Biopsychology news
PubMed