1. Lovelock Indian Caves Fourth Grade Field Trip

2. Pioneer Days Ellen showed us the clothes pioneer girls used to wear. They dressed in a lot of layers even in the summer. They would also travel across blazing hot deserts!

3. . They wore thick skirts for style. They also wore fancy hats with flowers. The more flowers, the fancier the hat.

4. As we were walking on the trail we stopped at every plant to look. We saw this plant called the Bud Sagebrush. The Paiutes made a paste and when they had sores, they used it for swelling.

5. Indian Tea Indian tea known as Mormon tea is a type of ephedra. Indians liked the tea.

6. Native Americans used greasewood for cooking, warmth, wood, and tools.

7. They call it the Desert Trumpet because of the bubble on the top of the stem. Some people say they can hear the wind in the plant. The Desert Trumpet Plant

8. Lichens The yellow, red, and green crusts you can see on the rocks are called lichens. They are made up of algae and fungi.

9. The Mall This is where the pioneers passed by and stopped to get water and food for themselves and their animals. Some of the foods they ate were fish and ducks.

10. 160-4,500 years ago the Indians lived in caves. There were many entrances to the cave. This is were they put their food.

11. In The Cave In the cave the Paiutes would gather supplies and leave them in it. Some of the items are duck decoys, food, weapons, and tools. When its hot outside, its always cooler inside the cave. There were burn marks on the ceiling too.

12. As we were exploring the caves, we found a duck decoy. A long time ago, Indians used these to catch ducks. The men would place them in the water to lour the real ducks. Then they would catch the real ducks.

13. Historic Lovelock Indian Cave This Calcite long ago was flat until an earthquake distorted the Earth. The cave is made of Calcite. It does not have stalagmites, but water and minerals leach through the cave.

14. The Class Learning to Grind Paiute women ground pine nuts for their families. It was like ice cream to the Paiutes. We had fun grinding with stones.

15. Making Arrowheads Making arrowheads takes a long time. They would use them for fishing or spearing deer.

16. One Way to Make Food. The piaute people used two rocks to grind nuts to make soup. They also used arrows, clubs, spears, knives, and darts. They had festivals of dancing, stories, and games.

17. Arrow heads We learned what arrow heads were made out of obsidian. Inside the rock was a smooth.

18. Thank You We would like to thank all those who made the field trip to the Lovelock Indian Caves so interesting: Rural Outreach Program through the BLM Winnemucca Field Office Nevada Outdoor School Geological Society of Nevada Marzen Museum Board

19. Credits Pictures and captions were produced by Mrs. Starr’s fourth grade class. Mrs. Starr's Home Page