1. Biology EOC Review 1 largest 4 2 3 5 6 7 9 smallest 8
Living and nonliving

2. Characteristics of Life To be alive you must…..
Made of cells
*unicellular – one celled or
* multicellular – many celled with levels of
organization (cellstissuesorgans systems organism)
Reproduce
*asexual – offspring are genetic clones of parent
*sexual – offspring have genetic variation from parents- MEIOSIS
Use and obtain materials for energy(metabolism)
* energy is required for life processes
* autotrophs make their own food (photosynthesis/chemosynthesis)
* heterotrophs eat other organisms for food
Maintain Homeostasis
* maintenance or regulation of body conditions such as body temperature, blood sugar level, water balance (cell membrane), pH
Genetic/Hereditary Material
* DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid – is the genetic material that codes for proteins of all organisms. The genetic code is “universal” A-T C-G /A-U C-G
Respond to stimuli
* responding to the biotic and abiotic factors in the environment are key to survival-hot, cold, hungry….etc.
Grow and Development
* growth – by cell division or cell enlargement- MITOSIS
* development – any change from conception to death - embryonic, puberty, aging
Evolutionary Adaptation- (genetic change over time)
* adaptations – structures, behaviors, or processes that aid in an organisms survival are passed on from parent to offspring.

3. Ecology
Organelle  cells  tissue  organs  organ system  Organisms  Populations  Community  Ecosystem  Biomes  Biosphere
Populations – are members of the same species living in the same area
Ecosystem- all the living and non-living factors in a certain area
Population growth –
*affected by natural disaster, disease, food, water, and shelter
* Carrying capacity– the maximum number the environment can support due to food, water, and shelter
Community Interactions
* Competition – food, water, shelter
* Predation- hunt, kill, eat
* Symbiosis – parasitism +-, commensalism +0, and mutualism ++
Food Chains and Food webs
10% energy transferred to the next level.
The rest lost as heat.
27kcal
270kcal
2700kcal
27000kcal
Ecological succession
Climax community
Pioneer
speices

4. Biochemistry Organic – contains Carbon
Macromolecules are often built by dehydration synthesis and digested by hydrolysis Poly=many Mono= one
Four main types
Carbohydrates –glucose/starch, quick ENERGY, in cell membrane
ose=sugar
2) Lipids – fatty acid/glycerol, stored energy/insulation, waxy coating, hydrophobic- no mix with H2O), in cell membrane
3) Proteins –amino acids – ENZYMES, Polypeptide, cell transport, in cell membrane ase= enzyme
4) Nucleic Acids –nucleotides , genetic/hereditary info DNA or RNA, in nucleus
Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy. They have a specific shape and interact with a specific substrate which binds at the active site. Lock and Key. Never changes
Enzymes help break or build macromolecules
Enzymes are reusable and are not
changed during a chemical reaction.
They can be damaged at temperature
and pH extremes.
Cold- enzymes work slowly
Warm- work faster
Too Hot- denature/destroyed

5. Cells Cell theory - 3 parts 1) cells are basic unit of life
2) cells come from existing cells (cell division)
3) all organisms are composed of cells
Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic
A) simple A) complex
B) no nucleus B)nucleus
C) no MB organelles C) has MB organelles
D) only ribosomes D) protists, fungi
D) bacteria plants, and animals
Organelles – little cellular organs that carrying out specific jobs / chemical reactions
1) chloroplast – photosynthesis creates glucose
2) mitochondria – cellular respiration
creates ATP(energy)
3) ribosomes – protein synthesis
4) vacuoles – storage
5) nucleus – contains DNA and
controls cell actions
6)lysosome- cellular digestion(enzymes)
7) cell membrane- controls what
enters and leaves cell
semi-permeable/Homeostasis
Plant versus Animal
A) has cell wall A) no cell wall
B) has chloroplasts B) has no chloroplasts
C)Photosynthesis C) has small vacuoles
D) has large vacuole
ribosomes, metabolism,
4 biomolecules,
unicellular
Robert Hooke – 1st to look at and name cell
eukaryotes, go thru cellular respiration, & have mitochondria
multicellular

6. Cellular Transport
Plasma/Cell membrane controls homeostasis (balance), phospholipid by layer with proteins
Semi-permeable; selective on what enters and leaves cell
Types of Passive Transport – NO ENERGY required
1) Diffusion – moves substances from high to low concentrations (O2, CO2,
perfume, dye in water) (equilibrium when particles
are distributed equally)
2) Osmosis – the diffusion of WATER from high to lower water concentrations; water moves towards the most solute. (hypertonic-water out/cell shrinks; hypotonic-water in/cell swells; isotonic-water in/out/cell stays same)
Ex) cell in salt water – shrivels
Ex) cell in fresh water swells
***SOLUTE SUCKS!!!
Look at outside to inside Hyper, Hypo, Isotonic
Active Transport – REQUIRES ENERGY– moves substances against the concentration gradient from low to high concentrations Endocytosis - in cell
20%
20%
20%
80%
80%
20%
iso
hypo
hyper
Out of cell
Phago-solid and Peno-drink

7. Photosynthesis= makes glucose and O2
Producers/Autotrophs convert sunlight to chemical energy in glucose
EQUATION: 6CO2 + 6H2O + E  C6H12O O2
Carbon dioxide + water + energy  glucose + oxygen
Takes place in LEAVES
Autotrophs use carbon dioxide and water and produce
oxygen and glucose
Guard cells/Stomata control gas exchange &
Water loss ( transpiration)
CHLOROPLASTS -site of photosynthesis.
Produces glucose and oxygen for consumers
Pigments-Chlorophyll / carotene
reactants
products
Photosynthesis in pictures
Photosynthesis in words
Photosynthesis in symbols
 Carbon dioxide and water combine with light to create oxygen and glucose.  
light
CO + H2O → C6H12O6 + O2
CO2
O2 & H2O
stomata
Stomata
Thylakoid: sac like membranes/LDR
Stroma space between thylakoids
Grana: stack of thylakiods

8. Cellular Respiration=makes Energy C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms break down food to release its energy. This energy is then stored in ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
Three parts to ATP
1) adenine
2) ribose
3) 3 phosphates (high energy)
ATP/ADP cycle – It fuels most cellular
process. ATP loses a phosphate to
become ADP
ATP Uses-movement,
active transport (peno, phagocytocysis),
building and breaking large
molecules (carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)
Aerobic Anaerobic
O2 REQUIRED NO O2 REQUIRED
most organisms- plants animals (yeast/bacteria)
2 ATP ATP ATP =36ATP 2 ATP
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, ETC Alcoholic & Lactic Acid Fermentation soreness
***Steps of CR
Glycolysis –breaks glucose into pyruvate in cytoplasm, makes 2 ATP
Krebs- Pyruvate broken down in mitochondria, makes 2 ATP
ETC- oxygen boost used to make 32 ATP
TOTAL= 36ATP
ATP
Adenine
Ribose
3 Phosphates
Adenosine
Energy from food
Energy for cellular processes

9. Cell Division The cell cycle – Interphase – growth
Haploid –set of chromosomes (n) – gametes – sperm/egg (23)
Diploid two sets of chromosomes (2n) – body cells/somatic – one set (46) is maternal and one is paternal
The cell cycle – Interphase – growth
- Mitosis – division
Mitosis creates identical daughter cells
tissue repair and growth and reproduction
in animals (somatic cells, body cells, eye, liver…)
Stages of the cell cycle –
Interphase-growth preparations , S phase- DNA rep
Prophase- chromosomes condense/visible
Metaphase- chromosomes in middle
Anaphase- chromosomes separate
Telophase- cell pinches in,
Cytokinesis- cell divides and have 2 identical
daughter cells. Same kind & # of chromosomes
***Mitosis in Plants- CELL PLATE produced in
Telophase. No pinching in
Meiosis – cell division that creates 4
genetically different cells called gametes
(sex cells/egg or sperm)
Meiosis involves 2 divisions – Meiosis I
and Meiosis II
Meiosis I-Prophase I crossing over occurs. This
recombination increases genetic
variation for the species
***Homologous chromosomes separate
Meiosis II- Sister chromatids separate

10. DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis
Watson and Crick – DNA is Double Helix
DNA and RNA are composed of nucleotides
DNA RNA
Deoxyribose Ribose
A-T C-G A-U C-G
Thymine (T) Uracil (U)
Double helix Single helix
Codes for Copy of DNA info
proteins/RNA
Replication –copies DNA – enzyme unzips DNA and each side of the ladder acts as a template for the building of the new half. Use the N-base paring rules : A-T ; C-G
EX) TACGGAC (old strand)
ATGCCTG (new strand
***Transcription – the process of making RNA from DNA in nucleus
EX) TACGGAC (template DNA strand)
AUGCCUG (RNA built) (A-U C-G)
mRNA – messenger from DNA
to ribosome to make a specific protein
2) tRNA – transfer - carries amino
acids to ribosome- truck
3) rRNA – ribosomal – makes up
a ribosome
***Translation – tRNA carries amino
acids to the ribosome to assemble a
Protein/polypeptide
TRANSCRIPTION
DNA
transcription
translation 
mRNA 
Protein
TRANSLATION
nucleus
ribosome

11. Mutations Nondisjunction – having abnormal chromosome number s
ANY CHANGE IN DNA SEQUENCE THAT CAN LEAD TO A CHANGE IN AMINO ACID SEQUENCE
Some good- better immune system, be antibiotic resistant, camouflage
Some Bad- cancer- leukemia
Some neutral- eye color
TYPES OF MUTATIONS
ONLY MUTATIONS/CHANGESTO PARENTAL GAMETE DNA CAN BE TRANSFERRED TO OFFSPRING
Nondisjunction – having abnormal
chromosome number s
abnormal separation of chromosomes
Ex) Down’s Syndrome aka Trisomy 21
XX/xx- female- sex chromosomes are the same size
Xx- male- sex chromosomes are different sizes
substitution
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes
1st 22 are homologous or autosomes
23 pair are sex chromosomes
Sex chromosomes

12. Reproduction Reproduction is a characteristic of life
Continues a species- allows genetic diversity,, meiosis, crossing over
2 forms: asexual and sexual
Asexual Sexual____________
-1 parent parents (usually)
-No gametes genetic variation, crossing over
-Offspring are genetically identical Offspring genetically unique
to the parent (clones)
-Fast, efficient, less energy Slower, less efficient, more energy
-No variation Huge amounts of variation
-Stable Environment Changing Environment
Asexual Strategies Sexual strategies
1) binary fission-bacteria 1) Internal fertilization
sperm meets egg in female
2) External fertilization
released into the environment
usually aquatic
2) budding

13. Note 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio
Simple Genetics
Gregor Mendel – Father of Genetics worked with pea plants to learn inheritance of traits
Phenotype – physical - tall, green eyes, no horns
Genotype – the gene combination – either Homozygous (TT or tt)
or Heterozygous (Tt)
Monohybrid Cross – follows 1 trait through several generations
P(parental) TT x tt **one dominant over the other; same letter (T & t)
T T T t
t geno- all Tt T geno – ¼ TT, ½ Tt, ¼ tt
t pheno – all tall t pheno – ¾ Tall; ¼ short
(3:1 ratio)
Other important monohybrid crosses
T t T t
T geno- ½ TT; ½ Tt t geno – ½ Tt; ½ tt
T pheno – all Tall t pheno– Tall; ½ short
Dihybrid cross – follows two traits RRYy X Rryy= all offfspring will have round seeds Tt TT Tt tt Tt tt TT Tt
Note 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio

14. Complex Genetics Incomplete Dominance – blended phenotype
Ex) snap dragons  Red (RR) X White (WW’)  all Pink (RW)
R R R W
W geno- all RW R geno- ¼ RR; ½ RW; ¼ WW
W pheno-all pink W pheno- ¼red; ½ pink; ¼ white
Codominance – both parental phenotypes show up in offspring
Ex) Chickens  Black x White Black and White feathers
W B
W W
Multiple Alleles– trait with 3+ alleles
ex) A, B, O blood types
Sex Linked– genes carried on sex chromosomes
Ex) hemophilia, color blindness Cross shows a
carrier female and a normal male. For a female to
inherit the trait the father must have it and the
mother must at least be a carrier RW RR RW WW
B B
B W
geno- ¼ BB; ½ BW; ¼ WW
Pheno- ¼ black; ½ bl&wht; ¼ wht
geno- all BW
Pheno- all bl & wht BW BB BW WW

15. Evolution- genetic change over time within a population
Charles Darwin – FATHER OF EVOLUTION, proposed that organisms (species or populations) change over time after studying finches in the Galapagos Islands
Natural Selection – “survival of the fittest”- can survive and reproduce in the environment they live in
Evidence of Evolution
1) Fossils (geologic time)
2) Homologous Structures –
same basic structure formed from
same embryonic tissue-
**shows common ancestry
3) Vestigial Structures – structures
that have lost function ex)
Appendix Tailbone, femur bone in whale
4) Embryology – embryos of various
species appear identical until
DNA becomes more specialized
5) Genetics – DNA and protein amino acid
sequence comparisons-
** most accurate in relatedness- DNA or A.A. sequence
6)Adaptive radiation /Descent w/Modifications– an
ancestral species radiates or diverges into many
species. Ex) Galapagos Finches
Homologous
Vestigial

16. Classification ***King Philip Came Over For Grape Soda Kingdom
Carolus Linnaeus – Father of Taxonomy and Classification
***King Philip Came Over For Grape Soda
Binomial nomenclature – uses Genus and species to name an organism
Dichotomous keys – a series of paired statements that lead to the name of an organism
Taxonomy- study of classifying an organism
broadest
Most specific
Kingdom
Cell type
Uni or multi cellular
Autotroph Heterotroph
Cell wall
Archae- bacteria
Prokaryote
Uni -
Both
yes
Eu-bacteria
Protists
Eukaryote
Uni/multi
some
Fungi
Heterotrophs
Plants
Multi-
Autotrophs
Animals NO
Archaebacteria – are extremists that live in hot, acidic, saline, or other harsh environments; extremophiles
Eubacteria are “true” bacteria – strept, E. coli…..etc

17. Bacteria vs Virus Bacteria Virus
PROkaryote
NO nucleus/NO nuclear
membrane
UNIcellular
LIVING cell
Autotroph or heterotroph
Cured with antiobiotics
cell wall
Eubacteria- true bacteria-
streptococcus, E. coli
Archaebacteria- old
Extremophiles, halophiles,
thermophiles
DECOMPOSER
Aids in digestion
Breaks down in NITROGEN CYCLE
PREvention- heat, soap, cook food
Refrigerate
Antibiotic resistant- does not
respond to antibiotics
Pathogen- any disease causing agent
Immune response- how body response to disease
Outbreak- spreading of a disease
NOT living
NOT a cell
Prevented with VACCINES
PROTEIN CAPSID holds DNA or RNA
Needs/hijacks HOST to replicate
Used for research
Stored for possible germ warfare or natural epidemics
FLU- influenza
HIV- destroys helper T cells
Herpes, Chicken Pox
Viruses < bacteria cells<eukaryote cells
flagella
cilia

18. Plants Plant cell structure – cell walls, large vacuole, chloroplasts
Autotrophs(Photosynthesis), eukaryotic, multicellular, cell wall of cellulose
Nonvascular – no true roots/stems/leaves – ex) mosses (Bryophytes)
2) Vascular with seeds in cones – Gymnosperms (pines, fir, spruce) “GYM”
3) Vascular with seeds in fruits – Angiosperms – flowering plants “Angie”
Types of Vascular Tissue
A) Xylem – transports water from roots to leaves
B) Phloem – transports sugars from leaves to roots
5) Adaptations- Large leafs plants- catch what sunlight they can/very little sun exposure- jungle, tropical rainforest
-Small leaf plants- small surface area to catch sunlight because exposed to sun
-Fibrous roots- get water from surface/ top soil
Taproot- extends down in ground to absorb deep ground water
-Cuticle- waxy covering on plant leaves to prevent water loss or to soggy – Desert or Tropical rainforest- lipids hydrophobic
6)Tropisms – growth responses to stimuli – often controlled by hormones.
Phototropism Gravitropism Thigmotropism

19. Animals
– no cell wall, small vacuoles, no chloroplast, cellular respiration for Energy
Heterotrophs, Multicellular, no cell wall, mobile, eukaryote
Classification – 2 main groups
Vertebrates Invertebrates
Phylum Chordata
fish Arthropods – insects (6 legs)
Amphibians (exoskeleton) - arachnids (8 legs)
Reptiles crustaceans
Aves (birds) Mollusks – have shell created by
Mammals structure called mantel
Human Anatomy – Look through the chapters in your book regarding anatomy.
* Neurons- nerves
* circulatory- veins /arteries- transport O2, CO2, glucose, hormones
* Endocrine- hormones
* Reproductive- ovaries- eggs testes- sperm MEIOSIS genetic variation
* Muscular- many mitochondria
Animal Behavior – responses that allow an organism to respond to stimuli
1) Innate Behavior – instincts, inherited, inborn behaviors
ex) circadian rhythms – daily patterns of activity – including feeding behaviors - nocturnal
ex) annual rhythms – yearly patterns of activity – including courtship, estivation, hibernation, migration
2) Learned Behavior – based on experience
ex) imprinting – recognition of parents
ex) Trial and error learning
ex) Conditioning (Pavlov’s dog) – learning by association
3) Social Behavior – division of labor as in a termite or ant colony

20. Human Systems System function major structures Immune
protects body from disease, kills pathogens
White blood cells, lymph nodes
Endocrine
controls growth, metabolism and hormones
hormones
Reproductive
Creates gametes
(eggs & sperm)
Testes, ovaries
Circulatory
transports nutrients/wastes and oxygen/carbon dioxide though body
Heart, blood vessels
Respiratory
Provides oxygen, removes CO2
lungs
Integumentary
skin, protection & helps regulate body temperature
Skin, hair, and nails
Muscular
movement
Smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscles
Skeletal
support, protects vital organs, movement
Bones
Nervous
controls/coordinates body movement
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Digestive
digest and absorb nutrients
Mouth, stomach, intestines
Excretory
eliminates wastes from body
Kidneys, Bladder (urine) lungs (CO2)

21. Homeostasis- Positive & Negative Feedback Loops
Homeostasis depends on the action and interaction of body systems to maintain a balance in the body.
Body responds to an extreme condition by working towards going back to homeostasis
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK reversing the response
A child goes outside in December without a jacket. Within a few minutes the child begins to shiver uncontrollably.
Five minutes into a run on a warm sunny day, I began to sweat.
After eating a candy bar, blood sugar levels rise triggering insulin to be released to return the blood to normal sugar levels
Sensor - detects the change (body is getting too warm)
Control Center - receives signal (usually the brain) from sensor and sends message to effector
Effector - reverses the initial change (skin pores begin to perspire and blood vessels dilate)
POSITIVE FEEDBACK- promoting or increasing that response ++++
As child labor intensifies (intensity to push), the body releases oxytocin to increase uterine contraction and the urge to push until delivery
A person gets cut and the body responds by releasing blood platelets to stop the cut from bleeding. Blood platelets are continuously released until the bleeding stops completely.
Receptors in the blood monitor pH level. If the blood pH is too acidic or too basic the body will make more buffers to bring the blood pH back to a more neutral pH level.

22. Biologists
Robert Hooke – discovered and named the cell with crude microscope
Anton van Leeuwenhoek - saw “wee little beasties” living cells for the first time
Gregor Mendel – is the father of genetics – discovered the basic patterns of inheritance in pea plants
Charles Darwin – is the father of evolution proposed that organisms that are most fit or best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive – called Natural Selection
James Watson and Francis Crick – discovered the double helix structure of DNA
Linnaeus- Father of Taxonomy and Classification
-----Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
----King Phillip Came Over For Grape Soda