1. David A. Klinger Senior Research Scientist Police Foundation, Washington, DC and Associate Professor, UMSL

2.  Deadly force is ultimate police power  Officer safety  Community concerns  Organizational legitimacy  Internal  External  Local Government  State Government  Federal Government  Litigation

3.  People inside organization have myopia  Internal reviewers often lack:  Internal legitimacy  External legitimacy  External reviewers typically have:  Broader vision of issues at hand  More expertise (because they focus on specific issue)  Greater external legitimacy,  and (sometimes) greater internal legitimacy  Independence from power structure (agency and relevant government entity)  External can thus give unvarnished assessment

4.  Specific Cases  Robert Baldwin (SPD SWAT OIS)  Cobb County (2 officers murdered)  Nathaniel Jones (Cincinnati in-custody death)  Specific Units  Albuquerque SWAT  LAPD SWAT  Entire Agency  Portland  Denver

5.  Boundaries between 3 types not clear-cut  Single cases often kick off broader inquiry  Can be of unit (Baldwin)  Can be of agency (Rodney King)  Unit inquiries often rooted in specific cases and can look at agency writ large  Entire agency review will often look at specific cases (Denver and Portland)  Whatever sort, virtually always broader, agency level issues are addressed

6.  Agency UOF policy  Breadth, scope, and particular provisions  Agency UOF review practices  Investigations, case review process, tracking  Scene management  Training & Qualification  Practices, policy, tactics  Case patterns: Both positive and negative

7.  Review policy statements  UOF guidelines  UOF investigations  UOF review process  Review practices  UOF training  UOF investigations  UOF review process  Review incidents

8.  Review policy statements  Simply read and compare to models  Review practices  Read case files and correspondence re: cases  Interview trainers, investigators, folk in review loop  Interview line officers (they blow less smoke)  Incident review  Look for patterns of good/bad  Tactics  Communication  Firearms discharges  Repeat Individuals

9.  There is much to learn from outsiders  ID problems  ID strengths  Outsiders can provide legitimacy  External  Internal  Various sources  Consulting firms (PARC, Rand)  Associations (NTOA, IACP)  Independent research groups (Police Foundation)  Individual vendors (University prof’s, retired LEO’s)

10. Professor David Klinger Senior Research Scientist The Police Foundation 1201 Connecticut Avenue NW Washington, DC 20036 202-721-9779 dklingerd@policefoundation.org www.killzonevoices.com